Richard Wagner
Wilhelm Richard Wagner ( ; ; 22 May 181313 February 1883) was a German composer, theatre director, polemicist, and conductor who is chiefly known for his operas (or, as some of his mature works were later known, "music dramas"). Unlike most opera composers, Wagner wrote both the libretto and the music for each of his stage works. Initially establishing his reputation as a composer of works in the romantic vein of Carl Maria von Weber and Giacomo Meyerbeer, Wagner revolutionised opera through his concept of the ''Gesamtkunstwerk'' ("total work of art"), by which he sought to synthesise the poetic, visual, musical and dramatic arts, with music subsidiary to drama. He described this vision in a series of essays published between 1849 and 1852. Wagner realised these ideas most fully in the first half of the four-opera cycle ''Der Ring des Nibelungen'' (''The Ring of the Nibelung'').His compositions, particularly those of his later period, are notable for their complex textures, rich harmonies and orchestration, and the elaborate use of leitmotifs—musical phrases associated with individual characters, places, ideas, or plot elements. His advances in musical language, such as extreme chromaticism and quickly shifting tonal centres, greatly influenced the development of classical music. His ''Tristan und Isolde'' is sometimes described as marking the start of modern music.
Wagner had his own opera house built, the Bayreuth Festspielhaus, which embodied many novel design features. The ''Ring'' and ''Parsifal'' were premiered here and his most important stage works continue to be performed at the annual Bayreuth Festival, which was galvanized by the efforts of his wife Cosima Wagner and the family's descendants. His thoughts on the relative contributions of music and drama in opera were to change again, and he reintroduced some traditional forms into his last few stage works, including ''Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg'' (''The Mastersingers of Nuremberg'').
Until his final years, Wagner's life was characterised by political exile, turbulent love affairs, poverty and repeated flight from his creditors. His controversial writings on music, drama and politics have attracted extensive comment – particularly since the late 20th century, as they express antisemitic sentiments. The effect of his ideas can be traced in many of the arts throughout the 20th century; his influence spread beyond composition into conducting, philosophy, literature, the visual arts and theatre.
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1by Wagner, Richard, 1813-1883### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>
Published 1904Berlin, A. Duncker, 1904.xxxii, 366 p., illus., facsim. (incl. 1 fold.), ports. 24 cm. -
2by Wagner, Richard, 1813-1883### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>
Published 1890Paris : Schott, [189-]x, 75 p.Other Authors: “...Wagner, Richard, 1813-1883...”
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3by Wagner, Richard, 1813-1883### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>
Published 1900London, New York, Boosey & co., 1900.2 p.l., 299 p. 4to. -
4by Wagner, Richard, 1813-1883### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>
Published 1890Leipzig ; New York : Breitkopf & Härtel, [189-?]1 vocal score (276 p.) -
5by Wagner, Richard, 1813-1883### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>
Published 1903New York : J.S. Ogilvie Pub. Co., c1903.96 p. ; 18 cm. -
6by Wagner, Richard, 1813-1883### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>
Published 1877London ; Paris ; Brussels : B.S. Söhne, 1877.351 p. -
7by Wagner, Richard, 1813-1883### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>
Published 1904New York : G. Schirmer, c1904.1 vocal score (305 p.) -
8by Wagner, Richard, 1813-1883### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>
Published 1890Madrid, Librería F. Beltrán [189-?]80 p. -
9### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>Paris, Durand [n.d.]78 p.
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10by Wagner, Richard, 1813-1883### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>
Published 1966Paris, Librairie théâtrale [1966]82 p. -
11by Wagner, Richard, 1813-1883### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>
Published 1892New York : E. Schuberth, 1892.iv, 20 p. : ill. -
12by Wagner, Richard, 1813-1883### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>
Published 1880London ; New York : Boosey, [188-?]1 vocal score (xvi, 383 p.)Other Authors: “...Wagner, Richard, 1813-1883...”
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Published 1869Paris : Librairie théâtrale, [1869?]60 p. -
14by Wagner, Richard, 1813-1883### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>
Published 1883London : Schott, [ca. 1883]1 vocal score (221 p.) -
15### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>Leipzig : Breitkopf & Härtel, c1914.1 vocal score (viii, 350 p.)
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16by Wagner, Richard, 1813-1883### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>
Published 1885[New York? : s.n., 1885?]iii, 33, 33 p. -
17by Wagner, Richard, 1813-1883### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>
Published 1899London ; New York : Longmans, Green, 1899-1901.2 v.Other Authors: “...Wagner, Richard, 1813-1883...”
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Published 1946Paris, Stock, 1946.xv, 38 p. -
19by Wagner, Richard, 1813-1883### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>
Published 1891Berlin : Adolph Fürstner, c1891.48, 48 p. -
20### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>Paris, M.-R. Braun [n.d.]60 p.