Ruhollah Khomeini
| spoken = Imam Khomeini
| religious = Ayatullah al-Uzma Ruhollah Khomeini
| posthumous =
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|image=File:Emblem of Iran.svg
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}}Ayatollah Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini , |, }}}} (17 May 1900 or 24 September 19023 June 1989) was an Iranian Islamic revolutionary, politician, and religious leader who served as the first supreme leader of Iran from 1979 until his death in 1989. He was the founder of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the leader of the Iranian Revolution, which overthrew Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and ended the Iranian monarchy.
Born in Khomeyn, in what is now Iran's Markazi province, his father was murdered in 1903 when Khomeini was two years old. He began studying the Quran and Arabic from a young age and was assisted in his religious studies by his relatives, including his mother's cousin and older brother. Khomeini was a high ranking cleric in Twelver Shi'ism, an ''ayatollah'', a ''marja''' ("source of emulation"), a Mujtahid or ''faqīh'' (an expert in ''sharia''), and author of more than 40 books. His opposition to the White Revolution resulted in his state-sponsored expulsion to Bursa in 1964. Nearly a year later, he moved to Najaf, where speeches he gave outlining his religiopolitical theory of Guardianship of the Jurist were complied into ''Islamic Government.''
He was ''Time'' magazine's Man of the Year in 1979 for his international influence, and Khomeini has been described as the "virtual face of Shia Islam in Western popular culture", where he was known for his support of the hostage takers during the Iran hostage crisis, his fatwa calling for the murder of British Indian novelist Salman Rushdie, and for referring to the United States as the "Great Satan" and the Soviet Union as the "Lesser Satan". Following the revolution, Khomeini became the country's first supreme leader, a position created in the constitution of the Islamic Republic as the highest-ranking political and religious authority of the nation, which he held until his death. Most of his period in power was taken up by the Iran–Iraq War of 1980–1988. He was succeeded by Ali Khamenei on 4 June 1989.
The subject of a pervasive cult of personality, Khomeini is officially known as Imam Khomeini inside Iran and by his supporters internationally. His funeral was attended by up to 10 million people, or 1/6 of Iran's population, the largest funeral at the time and one of the largest human gatherings in history. In Iran, his gold-domed tomb in Tehran's Behesht-e Zahrāʾ cemetery has become a shrine for his adherents, and he is legally considered "inviolable", with Iranians regularly punished for insulting him. His supporters view him as a champion of Islamic revival, anti-racism and anti-imperialism. Critics accuse him of human rights violations (including his ordering of attacks against demonstrators, execution of thousands of political prisoners, war criminals and prisoners of the Iran–Iraq War), as well as for using child soldiers extensively during the Iran-Iraq war for human wave attacks, estimates are as high as 100,000 for the number of children killed. Provided by Wikipedia
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1by Khomeini, Ruhollah
Published 1979Qum : Intīshārāt-i Dār al-Fikr., [1979?]227 p. ; ports. 22 cm. -
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4by Khomeini, Ruhollah
Published 1984[Tehran] : Silpāh-i Pāsdārīn-i Inqilāb-i Islāmī, 1362 [1984]10, 665 p. : ports. ; 24 cm. -
5by Khomeini, Ruhollah
Published 1983Tihrān : Sitād-i Inqilāb-i Farhangī, Markaz-i Nashr-i Dānishgāhī, 1362 [1983 or 1984]393 p. : ports. ; 25 cm. -
6by Khomeini, Ruhollah
Published 1981Karachi : International Islamic Publishers, 1981.52 p. ; 18 cm. -
7by Khomeini, Ruhollah
Published 1979[Arlington, Va. : Joint Publications Research Service, 1979]25 p. -
8by Khomeini, Ruhollah
Published 1983Tihrān : Intishārāt-i Yāsir bū bankārī-i Vizārat-i Irshād-i Islāmī Kull-i Tablīghāt va Intisharat, 1362 [1983]150 p., 1 col. port. ; 24 cm. -
9by Khomeini, Ruhollah
Published 1979Qum : Intishārāt-i Payām-i Islāmī , [1979?]334, [7] p. ; 17 cm. -
10by Khomeini, Ruhollah
Published 1981Tihrān : Muʻassasah-ʻi Anjām-i Kitāb, [1981 or 1982-1984]4 v. ; 24 cm. -
11by Khomeini, Ruhollah
Published 1980[Tehran] : Sāzmān-i 'Aqīdatī-i Siyāsī, Zhāndārmarī-i Jumhū-rī-i Islāmī-i Īrān, [198-]110 p. ill., facsims. ; 24 cm. -
12by Khomeini, Ruhollah
Published 1336[Tehran] : Daftar-i Siyāsī, Sipāh-i Pāsdārān-i Inqilāb-i Islāmī, [1336] [1982]25, 245 p. ; 22 cm. -
13by Khomeini, Ruhollah
Published 1979[Arlington, Va. : Joint Publications Research Service, 1979]74 p. : port. -
14by Khomeini, Ruhollah
Published 1979[Arlington, Va. : Joint Publications Research Service, 1979]30 p.