Iran
Iran,, or or ;}} officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI),, }} also known by its Western-given name Persia, }} is a country in West Asia. It is bordered by Turkey to the northwest and Iraq to the west, Azerbaijan, Armenia, the Caspian Sea and Turkmenistan to the north, Afghanistan to the east, Pakistan to the southeast, the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf to the south. With a mostly Persian-ethnic population of almost 90 million in an area of 1,648,195 km2 (636,372 sq mi), Iran ranks 17th globally in both geographic size and population. It is the sixth-largest country entirely in Asia, the second-largest in West Asia, and one of the world's most mountainous countries. Officially an Islamic republic, Iran has a Muslim-majority population. The country is divided into five regions with 31 provinces. The capital and largest city is Tehran, with around 16.8 million people in its metropolitan area. Other major cities include Mashhad, Isfahan, Karaj, and Shiraz.Iran has one of the longest histories of any country, beginning with the Elamites in the fourth millennium BC. Considered a cradle of civilization, it was first unified as a state by the Median ruler Deioces in the seventh century BC and reached its territorial height in the sixth century BC, when Cyrus the Great founded the Achaemenid Empire, one of the largest in ancient history. Alexander the Great conquered the empire in the fourth century BC, dividing Iran into Hellenistic states. An Iranian rebellion established the Parthian Empire in the third century BC and liberated the country, which was succeeded by the Sasanian Empire in the third century AD. Ancient Iran saw some of the earliest developments of writing, agriculture, urbanisation, religion and central government. Muslims conquered the region in the seventh century AD, leading to Iran's Islamization. The blossoming literature, philosophy, mathematics, medicine, astronomy and art became major elements for Iranian civilization during the Islamic Golden Age. A series of Iranian Muslim dynasties ended Arab rule, revived the Persian language and ruled the country until the Seljuk and Mongol conquests of the 11th to 14th centuries. In the 16th century, the native Safavids re-established a unified Iranian state with Twelver Shia Islam as the official religion, marking the beginning of modern Iranian history.
During the Afsharid Empire in the 18th century, Iran was a leading world power, though by the 19th century, it had lost significant territory through conflicts with the Russian Empire. The early 20th century saw the Persian Constitutional Revolution and the establishment of the Pahlavi dynasty. Attempts by Mohammad Mosaddegh to nationalize the country's vast fossil fuel supply led to an Anglo-American coup in 1953. After the Iranian Revolution, the monarchy was overthrown in 1979 and the Islamic Republic of Iran was established by The Grand Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, who became the country's first Supreme Leader. The forces of Saddam Hussein invaded in 1980, initiating the 8-year-long Iran-Iraq War. Iran is officially governed as an Islamic Republic with a Presidential system, with ultimate authority vested in a Supreme Leader, currently Ali Khamenei since Khomeini's death in 1989. The government is authoritarian and has attracted widespread criticism for its significant violations of human rights and civil liberties.
Iran is a major regional power, due to its large reserves of fossil fuels, including the world's second largest natural gas supply, third largest proven oil reserves, its geopolitically significant location, military capabilities, regional influence, cultural hegemony, and role as the world's focal point of Shia Islam. The Iranian economy is the world's 19th-largest by PPP. Iran is an active and founding member of the United Nations, NAM, ECO, OIC and OPEC. It is a full member of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and BRICS. Owing it to its long history and rich cultural legacy, Iran is home to 27 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, the 10th highest in the world, and ranks 5th in the number of inscriptions of Intangible Cultural Heritage, or human treasures. Iran was the world's third fastest-growing tourism destination in 2019. Provided by Wikipedia
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8Murādābād : Mat̤baʻ-i Gulzār-i Ibrāhīm, [19--]-v. <1> ; 24 cm.
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9Murādābād : Mat̤baʻ-i Gulzār-i Ibrāhīm, [19--]-1 online resource (v. <1>)Center for Research Libraries: v.1
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10by Muẓaffar al-Dīn Shāh, Shah of Iran, 1853-1907
Published 1982Tihrān : Kitāb-i Farzān, [1982?]16, 324 p. : ill., facsims., map, ports. ; 25 cm. -
11by Nāṣir al-Dīn Shāh, Shah of Iran, 1831-1896
Published 1984Tihrān : Intishārāt-i Kāvish, Nashr-i Shab Tāb, [1984]227, [38] p., [12] leaves of plates : ill., ports. ; 34 cm. -
12by Nāṣir al-Dīn Shāh, Shah of Iran, 1831-1896
Published 1977Tihrān : Farhang-i Īrān zamīn, 2536 [1977]310 p. ; 25 cm. -
13by Nāṣir al-Dīn Shāh, Shah of Iran, 1831-1896
Published 1961Tihrān : Bungāh-i Maṭbūʻātī-i Qāʻimʻmaqām, [1961?]79 p. : port., facsims. ; 22 cm. -
14by Nāṣir al-Dīn Shāh, Shah of Iran, 1831-1896
Published 1983Tihrān : Tīrāzhah, 1362 [1983]232 p. : ill., facsims., maps ; 24 cm. -
15Published 1990[Tehran] : Intishārat-i Khvurshīd, 1369 [1990]375, 17 p. ; 17 cm.“...Iran...”
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16Published 1985Tihrān : Intishārāt-i Ganj-i Dānish, 1364 [1985 or 1986]206 p. ; 17 cm.“...Iran...”
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17Published 1975[Tehrān] : Vizārat-i Dādgustarī, [1975 or 1976]1072 p. in various pagings : ill., maps ; 21 cm.“...Iran...”
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18Published 1958[Tehran, s.n.] 1958.1 online resource (35 p.)“...Iran...”
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19Published 1968[Tehran] : Chāpkhānah-i Majlis , [1968?]483 p. ; 22 cm.“...Iran...”
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20Published 1995[Tehran] : Khvurshīd, 1374 [1995 or 1996]223 p. ; 17 cm.“...Iran...”