Chiang Kai-shek
Chiang Kai-shek (31 October 1887 – 5 April 1975) was a Chinese politician, revolutionary, and military leader. He was the head of the Nationalist Kuomintang (KMT) party, General of the National Revolutionary Army, known as Generalissimo, and the leader of the Republic of China (ROC) in mainland China from 1928 until 1949. After being defeated in the Chinese Civil War by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in 1949, he led the ROC on the island of Taiwan until his death in 1975.Born in Zhejiang, Chiang was a member of the Kuomintang, and a lieutenant of Sun Yat-sen in the revolution to overthrow the Beiyang government and reunify China. After the Soviet-led Comintern re-organized the Nationalist and Chinese Communist Party, he headed the Whampoa Military Academy. As commander-in-chief of the National Revolutionary Army, he led the Northern Expedition from 1926 to 1928, nominally reunifying China under a Nationalist government in Nanjing. Midway through the Northern Expedition, the KMT–CCP alliance broke down and Chiang massacred communists and KMT leftists inside the party, triggering a civil war with the CCP, which he eventually lost in 1949.
As the leader of the Republic of China during the Nanjing decade, Chiang sought to modernize and unify the nation, although hostilities with the CCP continued. His government presided over economic and social reconstruction while trying to avoid a debilitating war with Japan. In December 1936 he was kidnapped in the Xi'an Incident, and obliged to form an Anti-Japanese United Front with the CCP. Following the Marco Polo Bridge Incident in 1937, he mobilized China for the Second Sino-Japanese War. For eight years, he led the war of resistance against a vastly superior enemy, mostly from the wartime capital Chongqing. As the leader of a major Allied power, Chiang met with British prime minister Winston Churchill and American president Franklin D. Roosevelt in the Cairo Conference to discuss terms for the Japanese surrender. When the Second World War ended, the civil war with the communists (by then led by Mao Zedong) resumed. Chiang's nationalists were mostly defeated in a few decisive battles in 1948. In 1949, Chiang's government and army retreated to the island of Taiwan, where Chiang imposed martial law and persecuted critics during the White Terror. Presiding over a period of social reforms and economic prosperity, Chiang won five elections to six-year terms as President of the Republic of China in which he faced minimal opposition or was elected unopposed. Three years into his fifth term as president, and one year before the death of Mao, he died in 1975. He also held the position of director-general within the Kuomintang until his death. Chiang was one of the longest-serving non-royal heads of state in the 20th century and the longest-serving non-royal ruler of China, having held the post for 46 years.
Like Mao, Chiang is a controversial figure. Supporters credit him with a major role in unifying the nation and ending the Century of Humiliation, leading the Chinese resistance against Japan, countering communist influence, and economic development in both mainland China and Taiwan. Critics portray him as a brutal dictator, head of a corrupt authoritarian regime, who massacred civilians and suppressed political dissent, and accuse him of being a fascist. He is also criticized for flooding the Yellow River and allowing the Henan Famine during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Other historians argue that Chiang's ideology differed from right-wing dictators of the 20th century, and that he did not espouse the ideology of fascism. They argue that Chiang made genuine efforts to improve mainland China and Taiwan's economic and social conditions, such as land reform. Chiang is also credited with transforming China from a semi-colony of various imperialist powers to an independent country by amending the unequal treaties signed by previous governments, as well as moving various Chinese national treasures and traditional Chinese artworks to the National Palace Museum in Taipei during the 1949 retreat. Provided by Wikipedia
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1Ling xiu shi nian lai kang zhan yan lun ji領袖十年來抗戰言論集by Chiang, Kai-shek, 1887-1975### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>
Published 1939[China] : Qing nian shu dian, Minguo 28 [1939]324 p. -
2by Chiang, Kai-shek, 1887-1975### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>
Published 1959Taibei Shi : Xing zheng yuan xin wen ju, Min guo 48 [1959]3, 75 p. ; 21 cm. -
3by Chiang, Kai-shek, 1887-1975### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>
Published 1953Taibei Shi : Zhonghua wen hua chu ban shi ye wei yuan hui, Min guo 42 [1953]4 v. ; 19 cm. -
4### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>Taipeh : Chinese Government Spokesman's Office, 1950.
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5by Chiang, Kai-shek, 1887-1975### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>
Published 1936Heidelberg-Berlin, K. Vowinckel, 1936.105, [1] p., 1 ̋. front., pl., ports., fold. facsim. 21 cm. -
6Jiang zong tong si shi si nian du yan lun ji蔣總統四十四年度言論集by Chiang, Kai-shek, 1887-1975### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>
Published 1956[Taibei, Xing zheng yuan xin wen ju, Minguo 45 i.e. 1956?]64 p. 22 cm. -
7Zong cai yan lun xuan ji總裁言論選集by Chiang, Kai-shek, 1887-1975### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>
Published 1942Chongqing : Zhongguo guo min dang zhong yang zhi xing wei yuan hui, Minguo 31 [1942]1 v. -
8by Chiang, Kai-shek, 1887-1975### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>
Published 1941Chongqing : Qing nian chu ban she, Min guo 30 [1941]344 p. : port. -
9by Chiang, Kai-shek, 1887-1975### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>
Published 1957Taibei Shi : Zhonghua wen hua chu ban shi ye wei yuan hui, Min guo 46 [1957]5, 6, 245 p. ; 19 cm. -
10by Chiang, Kai-shek, 1887-1975### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>
Published 1938[China : s.n., 1938]1 v. : ill., maps, ports. -
11by Chiang, Kai-shek, 1887-1975### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>
Published 1954Taibei Shi : Zhonghua wen hua chu ban shi ye wei yuan hui, Min guo 43- [1954-]v. ; 19 cm. -
12Published 1975### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>[Taipei?] : Zong tong Jiang gong ai si lu bian zuan xiao zu, min guo 64 [1975]3 v. : ill., (some col.) ; 27 cm.Other Authors: “...Chiang, Kai-shek, 1887-1975...”
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13### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>[Taipei, Taiwan, China Publishing Co., n.d.]329 p.Other Authors: “...Chiang, Kai-shek, 1887-1975...”
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14by Tang, Zhenchu, 1915-### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>
Published 1952Taibei Shi : Zhonghua wen hua chu ban shi ye wei yuan hui, Min guo 41 [1952]1, 3, 234 p. ; 19 cm.Other Authors: “...Chiang, Kai-shek, 1887-1975...”