Julius Caesar
![Caesar as portrayed by the [[Tusculum portrait]]](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Retrato_de_Julio_C%C3%A9sar_%2826724093101%29_%28cropped%29.jpg)
Gaius Julius Caesar ; .}} (12 or 13 July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC) was a Roman general and statesman. A member of the First Triumvirate, Caesar led the Roman armies in the Gallic Wars before defeating his political rival Pompey in a civil war. He subsequently became dictator from 49 BC until his assassination in 44 BC. Caesar played a critical role in the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire.In 60 BC, Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey formed the First Triumvirate, an informal political alliance that dominated Roman politics for several years. Their attempts to amass political power were opposed by many in the Senate, among them Cato the Younger with the private support of Cicero. Caesar rose to become one of the most powerful politicians in the Roman Republic through a string of military victories in the Gallic Wars, completed by 51 BC, which greatly extended Roman territory. During this time, he both invaded Britain and built a bridge across the river Rhine. These achievements and the support of his veteran army threatened to eclipse the standing of Pompey. The alliance between Caesar and Pompey slowly broke down and, by 50 BC, Pompey had realigned himself with the Senate. With his command expiring and the Gallic Wars largely concluded, the Senate ordered Caesar to step down from his military command and return to Rome. In early January 49 BC, Caesar openly defied the Senate by crossing the Rubicon and marching towards Rome at the head of an army. This began Caesar's civil war, which he won, leaving him in a position of near-unchallenged power and influence in 45 BC.
After assuming control of government and pardoning many of his enemies, Caesar set upon vigorous reform and building programme. He created the Julian calendar to replace the republican lunisolar calendar, reduced the size of the grain dole, settled his veterans in new overseas colonies, greatly increased the size of the Senate, and extended citizenship to communities in Spain and what is now northern Italy. In early 44 BC, he was proclaimed "dictator for life" (). Fearful of his power, domination of the state, and the possibility that he might make himself king, a group of senators led by Brutus and Cassius assassinated Caesar on the Ides of March (15 March) 44 BC. A new series of civil wars broke out and the constitutional government of the Republic was never fully restored. Caesar's great-nephew and adoptive heir Octavian, later known as Augustus, rose to sole power after defeating his opponents thirteen years later. Octavian then set about solidifying his power, transforming the Republic into the Roman Empire.
Caesar was an accomplished author and historian; much of his life is known from his own accounts of his military campaigns. Other contemporary sources include the letters and speeches of Cicero and the historical writings of Sallust. Later biographies of Caesar by Suetonius and Plutarch are also important sources. Caesar is considered by many historians to be one of the greatest military commanders in history. His cognomen was subsequently adopted as a synonym for "emperor"; the title "Caesar" was used throughout the Roman Empire, and gave rise to modern descendants such as Kaiser and Tsar. He has frequently appeared in literary and artistic works. Provided by Wikipedia
-
1
-
2by Caesar, Julius
Published 1856New York : Harper & brothers, 1856.xviii, [2], 493 p. : front. (port.) ill., plates, fold. map, diagr. ; 20 cm. -
3by Caesar, Julius
Published 1574Antverpiae, Chr. Plantinus, 1574.[24], 79, [1], 487, [65] p. ill. 8vo. -
4
-
5
-
6
-
7by Caesar, Julius
Published 1859New York, Harper & Brothers, 1859.xviii, [2], 493 p. front. (port.) illus., plates, fold. map. -
8by Caesar, Julius
Published 1549En Paris, Vendese la presente obra enla çiudad de Anueres, ala enseña dela polla grassa, y en Paris ala enseña dela Samaritana, cabe sant Benito, 1549.63 p., 343 leaves [i.e. 686 p.], [18] p. -
9
-
10
-
11
-
12by Caesar, Julius
Published 1942Bruxelles, Office de publicité, 1942.101, [1] p., 1 ̋. front., maps, plans. 20 cm. -
13by Caesar, Julius
Published 1518Milano, Agostino da Vimercate, per Nicolo da Gorgonzola, 1518.232 p. 4to. -
14
-
15by Caesar, Julius
Published 1570Antverpiae, Chr. Plantinus, 1570.[24], 79, [1], 499, [29] p. ill. 8vo. -
16by Caesar, Julius
Published 1498Toledo, Pedro Hagembach, a costa de Melchor Gorricio, 1498.[10], CLIX, [6] l. -
17
-
18
-
19by Caesar, Julius
Published 1962Moskva, Izd-vo Akademii nauk SSSR, 1962.418 p. illus., port. 22 cm. -
20