World's Columbian Exposition
![Chicago World's Columbian Exposition and [[Statue of the Republic|''The Republic'' statue]] and administration building in 1893](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Looking_West_From_Peristyle%2C_Court_of_Honor_and_Grand_Basin%2C_1893.jpg)
The '''World's Columbian Exposition, also known as the Chicago World's Fair''', was a world's fair held in Chicago from May 5 to October 31, 1893, to celebrate the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus's arrival in the New World in 1492. The centerpiece of the Fair, held in Jackson Park, was a large water pool representing the voyage that Columbus took to the New World. Chicago won the right to host the fair over several competing cities, including New York City, Washington, D.C., and St. Louis. The exposition was an influential social and cultural event and had a profound effect on American architecture, the arts, American industrial optimism, and Chicago's image.The layout of the Chicago Columbian Exposition was predominantly designed by John Wellborn Root, Daniel Burnham, Frederick Law Olmsted, and Charles B. Atwood. It was the prototype of what Burnham and his colleagues thought a city should be. It was designed to follow Beaux-Arts principles of design, namely neoclassical architecture principles based on symmetry, balance, and splendor. The color of the material generally used to cover the buildings' façades white staff gave the fairgrounds its nickname, the White City. Many prominent architects designed its 14 "great buildings". Artists and musicians were featured in exhibits and many also made depictions and works of art inspired by the exposition.
The exposition covered , featuring nearly 200 new but temporary buildings of predominantly neoclassical architecture, canals and lagoons, and people and cultures from 46 countries. More than 27 million people attended the exposition during its six-month run. Its scale and grandeur far exceeded the other world's fairs, and it became a symbol of emerging American exceptionalism, much in the same way that the Great Exhibition became a symbol of the Victorian era United Kingdom.
Dedication ceremonies for the fair were held on October 21, 1892, but the fairgrounds were not actually opened to the public until May 1, 1893. The fair continued until October 30, 1893. In addition to recognizing the 400th anniversary of the "discovery of the New World" from the European perspective, the fair also served to show the world that Chicago had risen from the ashes of the Great Chicago Fire, which had destroyed much of the city in 1871.
On October 9, 1893, the day designated as Chicago Day, the fair set a world record for outdoor event attendance, drawing 751,026 people. The debt for the fair was soon paid off with a check for $1.5 million (equivalent to $}} in ). Chicago has commemorated the fair with one of the stars on its municipal flag. Provided by Wikipedia
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1Published 1893[S.l.] : The Brazilian Commission, 1893145 p. : ill. ; 22 cm.Other Authors: “...Brazil. Commission at the World's Columbian Exposition...”
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2by Pena, Cárlos María de, 1852-1918
Published 1893Montevideo : [s.n.] 1893.54 p. : map ; 16 cm.“...World's Columbian Exposition...”
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3by Cameron, William Evelyn
Published 1893Chicago, Ill. : Chicago Publication & Lithograph Co., c1893.919 p. : ill., maps, ports.“...World's Columbian Exposition...”
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4Published 1893New York : McGraw-Hill, 1893.p. 417-560, [43]-58 : ill. ; 24 cm.“...World's Columbian Exposition...”
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5Published 1893Washington [D.C.] : G.P.O., 1893.xx, 592 p.“...World's Columbian Exposition...”
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6by Moses, John, 1825-1898
Published 1893Chicago : Chicago World Book Co., 1893.3 pts., [39] p. of plates : ill., maps, ports. ; 27 cm.“...World's Columbian Exposition...”
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7Published 1893Chicago : [s.n.], 1893.[4] p. : ill.“...World's Columbian Exposition...”
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8Published 1892[Chicago : Dept. of Transportation Exhibits, World's Columbian Exposition, 1892?]7 leaves ; 22 cm.“...World's Columbian Exposition...”
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9by Mayer, Frédéric
Published 1893Chicago : [s.n.], 1893.16 p.“...World's Columbian Exposition...”
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10Published 1897New York : D. Appleton and Co., 1897.4 v. : ill., plans, ports., ; 29 cm.“...World's Columbian Exposition...”
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11Published 1892Chicago, Ill. : J.W. Iliff, c1892.100 p. : ill., maps.“...World's Columbian Exposition...”
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12Published 1893Philadelphia : G. Barrie, 1893.383 p. : ill.“...World's Columbian Exposition...”
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13Published 1894London ; New York : N. Halligan Co., 1894.[378] p. : chiefly ill. ; 28 x 41 cm.“...World's Columbian Exposition...”
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14Published 1894Chicago : Werner Co., 1894.351 p. : ill. ; 29 x 33 cm.“...World's Columbian Exposition...”
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15Published 1892London : The Polytechnic Institute, 1892.60 p. : ill., maps ; 22 cm.“...World's Columbian Exposition...”
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16Published 1893Chicago : Stern [Druck, 1893]27 p.“...World's Columbian Exposition...”
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17by Melʹnikov, N. P.
Published 1893Odessa : Odesskikh Novosteĭ, 1893.16 p. : ill. ; 28 cm.“...World's Columbian Exposition...”
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18Published 1893Sydney : C. Potter, Government printer, 1893.p. 216-369.“...World's Columbian Exposition...”
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19by Ehrenbaum, Ernst, 1861-
Published 1894Berlin : W. Moeser Hofbuchdr., [1894]32 p.“...World's Columbian Exposition...”
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20Published 1893Chicago : Stern [Druck, 1893]10 p.“...World's Columbian Exposition...”