Spain
Spain (, ), or the Kingdom of Spain (), is a country located in Southwestern Europe, with parts of its territory in the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea and Africa. It is the largest country in Southern Europe and the fourth-most populous European Union member state. Spanning across the majority of the Iberian Peninsula, its territory also includes the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean, the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea, and the autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla in Africa. Spain is bordered to the north by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; to the east by the Mediterranean Sea; to the south by Morocco in Ceuta and Melilla, and the United Kingdom in Gibraltar; and to the west by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean. Spain's capital and largest city is Madrid; other major urban areas include Barcelona, Valencia, Zaragoza, Seville, Málaga, Murcia, Palma de Mallorca, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, and Bilbao.In early antiquity, the Iberian Peninsula was inhabited by a mixture of Iberian and Celtic tribes, along with other local pre-Roman peoples. With the Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula, the province of Hispania was established. Following the Romanization and Christianization of Hispania, the fall of the Western Roman Empire ushered in the inward migration of tribes from Central Europe, including the Visigoths, who formed the Visigothic Kingdom centred on Toledo. In the early eighth century, most of the peninsula was conquered by the Umayyad Caliphate, and during early Islamic rule, Al-Andalus became a dominant peninsular power centred in Córdoba. Several Christian kingdoms emerged in Northern Iberia, chief among them Asturias, León, Castile, Aragon, Navarre, and Portugal; made an intermittent southward military expansion, known as the ''Reconquista'', repelling Islamic rule in Iberia, which culminated with the Christian seizure of the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada in 1492. The dynastic union of the Crown of Castile and the Crown of Aragon in 1479 is often considered the formation of Spain as a country.
During the Age of Discovery, Spain formed one of the largest empires in history; it extended across the Atlantic to the Americas and across the Pacific to the Philippine Islands. The empire's need for financing and the transatlantic trade underpinned the rise of a global trading system fueled primarily by precious metals, and the reforms of the Bourbon in the 18th century centralized mainland Spain. In the 19th century, despite the victory in the Peninsular War, the following political divisions between liberals and absolutists eventually led to the independence of most of its American colonies. Political instability reached its peak in the 20th century with the Spanish Civil War, giving rise to the Francoist dictatorship that lasted until 1975. With the restoration of democracy under the Constitution of Spain and its entry into the European Union, the country experienced an economic boom that profoundly transformed it socially and politically. Since the ''Siglo de Oro'', Spanish art, architecture, music, poetry, painting, literature, and cuisine have been influential worldwide, particularly in Western Europe and the Americas. As a reflection of its large cultural wealth, Spain has one of the world's largest numbers of World Heritage Sites. It is the world's second-most visited country and the most popular destination for Erasmus students. Its cultural influence extends to over 600 million Hispanophones, making Spanish the world's second-most spoken native language and the world's most widely spoken Romance language.
Spain is a secular parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with King Felipe VI as head of state. It is a major advanced capitalist economy, with the world's fifteenth-largest economy by nominal GDP (fourth of the European Union) and the fifteenth-largest by PPP. Spain is a member of the United Nations, the European Union, the eurozone, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), a permanent guest of the G20, and is part of many other international organizations such as the Council of Europe (CoE), the Organization of Ibero-American States (OEI), the Union for the Mediterranean, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), and the World Trade Organization (WTO). Provided by Wikipedia
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5by Spain, May R.
Published 1924Boston ; New York : The Society of arts & crafts, 1924.34, [2] p. ; 20 cm. -
6by Author of Operations of the British army in Spain
Published 1809London : Printed by J. Dennett for Sherwood, Neely, and Jones, 1809.40 p. -
7by Philip IV, King of Spain, 1605-1665
Published 1630Milano, Nella Reg. Duc. Corte, per Marc 'Antonio Pandolfo Malatesta stampator re. cam. con privilegio [1630?-1692]7 v. in 2. 30 cm. -
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9Published 1945Madrid, Ediciones Cultura Hispánica, 1945-46.4 v. 33 cm.“...New Spain...”
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10Published 1759[Mexico, 1759][10] p.“...New Spain...”
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11Published 1762[Mexico, 1762][3] p.“...New Spain...”
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12Published 1850Madrid : Imprenta de D.S. Omaña, 1850.1 online resource (507 pages)“...Spain...”
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13by Zamora y Coronado, José María
Published 1839Habana : Imprenta del Gobierno y Capitanía general por S.M., 1839-1840.1 online resource (3 volumes) : tables + 1 appendix.“...Spain...”
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14Published 1891Alicante : Imprenta de Juan Esplá, [1891?]1 online resource (iv, 391 pages)“...Spain...”
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15Published 1869Madrid : Imprenta de la Revista de legislación, á cargo de J. Morales, 1869.1 online resource (736 pages)“...Spain...”
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16Published 1838À Rennes : À Paris : chez Blin ; chez Joubert, 1838.1 online resource (xxvii, 580 pages)“...Spain...”
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17Published 1881Madrid : La Publicidad, 1881-1 online resource ( volumes)“...Spain...”
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18Published 1850Madrid : Imprenta Nacional, 1850.1 online resource (160 pages)“...Spain...”
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19Published 1974Sevilla : Universidad de Sevilla, 1974.1 online resource (3 volumes)“...Spain...”
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20Published 1890Madrid : Viuda é hijos de la Riva, 1890.1 online resource (2090 pages in various pagings)“...Spain...”
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