Iraq
Iraq,; , }} officially the Republic of Iraq, ''}}''; }} is a country in West Asia and in the geopolitical region known as the Middle East. With a population of over 46 million, it is the 31st-most populous country. It is a federal parliamentary republic that consists of 19 governorates. The country is bordered by Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, the Persian Gulf and Kuwait to the southeast, Saudi Arabia to the south, Jordan to the southwest, and Syria to the west. The capital and largest city is Baghdad. The Iraqi people are diverse; mostly Arabs, as well as Kurds, Turkmen, Assyrians, Armenians, Yazidis, Mandaeans, Persians and Shabakis with similarly diverse geography and wildlife. Most Iraqis are Muslims – minority faiths include Christianity, Yazidism, Mandaeism, Yarsanism and Zoroastrianism. The official languages of Iraq are Arabic and Kurdish; others also recognized in specific regions are Turkish (Turkmen), Suret (Assyrian), and Armenian.Starting as early as the 6th millennium BC, the fertile alluvial plains between Iraq's Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, referred to as Mesopotamia, gave rise to some of the world's earliest cities, civilizations, and empires in Sumer, Akkad, and Assyria. Mesopotamia was a "Cradle of Civilisation" that saw the inventions of a writing system, mathematics, timekeeping, a calendar, astrology, and a law code. Following the Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia, Baghdad became the capital and the largest city of the Abbasid Caliphate, and during the Islamic Golden Age, the city evolved into a significant cultural and intellectual center, and garnered a worldwide reputation for its academic institutions, including the House of Wisdom. The city was largely destroyed at the hands of the Mongol Empire in 1258 during the siege of Baghdad, resulting in a decline that would linger through many centuries due to frequent plagues and multiple successive empires.
Modern Iraq dates to 1920, when a Mandate was created by League of Nations. A British-backed monarchy was founded in 1921 under Faisal. The Hashemite kingdom got independence from the UK in 1932. In 1958, the kingdom was overthrown and a republic was established. Iraq was ruled by the Ba'ath Party from 1968 to 2003, led by Al-Bakr and then by Saddam Hussein, as a one-party state. Iraq engaged in war with Iran from 1980 to 1988 and another war from 1990 to 1991, due to invasion of Kuwait. An invasion launched by another US-led coalition as part of its "War on Terror" in 2003 resulted in the defeat of Ba'athists and Saddam's execution and sparked a war. The war continued with an anti–American insurgency and secratarian civil war. U.S troops began withdrawing in 2008 and war officially ended in 2011. Continued repression and sectarian policies of Nouri al-Maliki's government caused protests, after which a coalition of Ba'athist and Sunni militias took up arms during a campaign. The climax of the campaign was the offensive by the ISID that marked its rapid territorial expansion, prompting the return of American troops to fight the war, which lasted until 2017. Iran has also intervened since 2014, expanding its influence through sectarian parties and Khomeinist militia groups, triggering widespread protests.
Iraq is a federal parliamentary republic country. The president is the head of state, the prime minister is the head of government, and the constitution provides for two deliberative bodies, the Council of Representatives and the Council of Union. The judiciary is free and independent of the executive and the legislature. Iraq is considered an emerging middle power with a strategic location and a founding member of the United Nations, the OPEC as well as of the Arab League, OIC, Non-Aligned Movement, and the IMF. The country has the third largest oil reserves in the world after Venezuela and Saudi Arabia. Since its independence, Iraq has experienced spells of significant economic and military growth and briefer instability including wars. Provided by Wikipedia
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3Published 1926Baghdad : Printed at the Govt. Press, 1926.33 p.Also issued in microfiche.“...Iraq...”
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4Published 1921Baghdad : Govt. Press, 1921.35 p.“...Iraq...”
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5Published 1920Baghdad : Govt. Press, 1920.102 p.“...Iraq...”
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6by Alsalihi, Dia Aldeen, 1936-
Published 1967Köln : [s.n.], 1967.xii, 105 p. ; 21 cm.“...Iraq...”
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7The peace judges' law of the 11 Nissan 1329 (24th April, 1913) : so far as it relates to civil suitsPublished 1920Baghdad : Govt. Press, 1920.12 p.“...Iraq...”
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8Published 1956London : H.M.S.O., [1956]1 online resource (13 p.)“...Iraq...”
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9Published 1920Baghdad : Printed at the Government press, 1920.73 p. ; 33 cm.Also issued in microfiche.“...Iraq...”
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10Published 1928Baghdad : Printed at the Government Press, 1928.23 p.Also issued in microfiche.“...Iraq...”
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11Published 1919[Baghdad, Iraq : Govt. Press, 1919-Online version of the print publication.Also issued in microfiche.“...Iraq...”
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12Published 1919[Baghdad, Iraq : Govt. Press, 1919-Online version of the print publication.Also issued in microfiche.“...Iraq...”
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13Published 1921Baghdad : Govt. press, 1921.35 p. ; 33 cm.Also issued in microfiche.“...Iraq...”
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14Published 1975Singapore : Printed for the Govt. of Singapore by the Singapore National Printers, [1975?]10 p. ; 26 cm.“...Iraq...”
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15by Sreedhar
Published 1982New Delhi : ABC Pub. House, 1983 [i.e. 1982]xiii, 199 p. : maps ; 23 cm.“...Iraq...”
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16Published 1930Basrah : Times Print. & Pub. Co., [1930]vi, 209 p. ; 21 cm.Also issued in microfiche.“...Iraq...”
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17Baghdad : Ministry of Guidance.v. ; 32-33 cm.“...Iraq...”
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18Published 1920London, H.M.S.O., 1920.ii, 149 p. 34 cm.“...Iraq. Civil Commissioner...”
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20Published 1945Baghdād, 1945.324 p. illus., ports.“...Iraq. Publicity Office...”