Confucius
![Depiction of Confucius by [[Wu Daozi]], 8th century CE](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Confucius_Tang_Dynasty.jpg)
Confucius (; pinyin: ; ; ), born Kong Qiu (), was a Chinese philosopher of the Spring and Autumn period who is traditionally considered the paragon of Chinese sages. Much of the shared cultural heritage of the Sinosphere originates in the philosophy and teachings of Confucius. His philosophical teachings, called Confucianism, emphasized personal and governmental morality, harmonious social relationships, righteousness, kindness, sincerity, and a ruler's responsibilities to lead by virtue.Confucius considered himself a transmitter for the values of earlier periods which he claimed had been abandoned in his time. He advocated for filial piety, endorsing strong family loyalty, ancestor veneration, the respect of elders by their children and of husbands by their wives. Confucius recommended a robust family unit as the cornerstone for an ideal government. He championed the Silver Rule, or a negative form of the Golden Rule, advising, "Do not do unto others what you do not want done to yourself."
The time of Confucius's life saw a rich diversity of thought, and was a formative period in China's intellectual history. His ideas gained in prominence during the Warring States period, but experienced setback immediately following the Qin conquest. Under Emperor Wu of Han, Confucius's ideas received official sanction, with affiliated works becoming mandatory readings for career paths leading to officialdom. During the Tang and Song dynasties, Confucianism developed into a system known in the West as Neo-Confucianism. In the 20th century, an intellectual movement emerged in Republican China that sought to apply Confucian ideology in a modern context, known as New Confucianism. From ancient dynasties to the modern era, Confucianism has integrated into the Chinese social fabric and way of life.
Traditionally, Confucius is credited with having authored or edited many of the ancient texts including all of the Five Classics. However, modern scholars exercise caution in attributing specific assertions to Confucius himself, for at least some of the texts and philosophy associated with him were of a more ancient origin. Aphorisms concerning his teachings were compiled in the ''Analects'', but not until many years after his death. Provided by Wikipedia
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6by Zhao, Zhengping
Published 1943Chongqing : Yi xin tu shu she, 1943[129] p.Other Authors: “...Confucius...”
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7Published 1937Dihlī : Maktabah-yi Jāmiʻah, [1937]248 p. ; 18 cm.Other Authors: “...Confucius...”
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8by Perelomov, Leonard Sergeevich
Published 1998Moskva : Izdatelʹska︠i︡a firma "Vostochna︠i︡a literatura" RAN, 1998.588 p. ; 25 cm.Other Authors: “...Confucius...”
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9Published 1937Dihlī : Maktabah-yi Jāmiʻah, [1937]1 online resource (248 p.)Other Authors: “...Confucius...”
Center for Research Libraries
Online Resource -
10Published 1908London, J. Murray, 1908.60 p. 17 cm.Other Authors: “...Confucius...”
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11Published 1966Moskva : Izd-vo "Nauka", Glav. red. vostochnoĭ lit-ry, 1966.147, 211 p. : facsims. ; 27 cm.Other Authors: “...Confucius...”