Belarus
Belarus, , , ; , ; , ; alternatively and formerly known as Byelorussia (from Russian ), a name often proscribed within Belarus, although commonly used in Russia.}} officially the Republic of Belarus,, ; , .}} is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by Russia to the east and northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest. Belarus spans an area of with a population of . The country has a hemiboreal climate and is administratively divided into six regions. Minsk is the capital and largest city; it is administered separately as a city with special status.For most of the medieval period, the lands of modern-day Belarus was ruled by independent city-states such as the Principality of Polotsk. Around 1300 these lands came fully under the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and subsequently by the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth; this period lasted for 500 years until the 1792-1795 partitions of Poland-Lithuania placed Belarus within the Russian Empire for the first time. In the aftermath of the Russian Revolution in 1917, different states arose competing for legitimacy amid the Civil War, ultimately ending in the rise of the Byelorussian SSR, which became a founding constituent republic of the Soviet Union in 1922. After the Polish-Soviet War (1918–1921), Belarus lost almost half of its territory to Poland. Much of the borders of Belarus took their modern shape in 1939, when some lands of the Second Polish Republic were reintegrated into it after the Soviet invasion of Poland, and were finalized after World War II. During World War II, military operations devastated Belarus, which lost about a quarter of its population and half of its economic resources. In 1945, the Byelorussian SSR became a founding member of the United Nations, along with the Soviet Union. The republic was home to a widespread and diverse anti-Nazi insurgent movement which dominated politics until well into the 1970s, overseeing Belarus's transformation from an agrarian to an industrial economy.
The parliament of the republic proclaimed the sovereignty of Belarus on 27 July 1990, and during the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Belarus gained independence on 25 August 1991. Following the adoption of a new constitution in 1994, Alexander Lukashenko was elected Belarus's first president in the country's first and only free election after independence, serving as president ever since. Lukashenko heads a highly centralized authoritarian government. Belarus ranks low in international measurements of freedom of the press and civil liberties. It has continued several Soviet-era policies, such as state ownership of large sections of the economy. In 2000, Belarus and Russia signed a treaty for greater cooperation, forming the Union State.
The country has been a member of the United Nations since its founding and has joined the CIS, the CSTO, the EAEU, the OSCE, and the Non-Aligned Movement. It has shown no aspirations of joining the European Union but maintains a bilateral relationship with the bloc, and also participates in the Baku Initiative.
Belarus is among the only three European countries (along with Russia and Kosovo) not a member of the Council of Europe; it attempted to join in 1993 but was refused admission because of electoral malpractice and serious human rights concerns (Belarus is the only European country that continues to use capital punishment). Its limited relationship with the Council was suspended in 2022 due its facilitation of the Russian invasion of Ukraine from its territory in April of that year. Provided by Wikipedia
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1Published 2004[Place of publication not identified] : [publisher not identified], [2004?]1 online resource (34 unnumbered pages)“...Belarus...”
Center for Research Libraries
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2Published 1995Minsk : Izd-vo "Polym︠i︡a", -1995.v. : ill. ; 26-29 cm.“...Belarus. Ministerstvo zdravookhraneni︠i︡a...”
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3Published 1995Minsk : Izd-vo "Polym︠i︡a", 1995-v. : ill. ; 29 cm.“...Belarus. Ministerstvo zdravookhraneni︠i︡a...”
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4Published 1927Mensk : Instytut, 1927-1928.2 no.“...Instytut belaruskaĭ kulʹtury (Minsk, Belarus)...”
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5Published 1926U Mensku : Koshtam Instytutu belaruskae kulʹtury, 1926.353 p. : ill., port.“...Instytut belaruskaĭ kulʹtury (Minsk, Belarus)...”
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6Published 1992Minsk : "Universitetskoe", 1992.151 p. : ill., maps ; 20 cm.“...Geograficheskoe obshchestvo Respubliki Belarusʹ...”
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7[Minsk, Polym︠i︡a, etc.]v. ill., ports. 26 cm.“...Belarus. Ministėrstva adukatsyi i navuki...”
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8Published 1988Moskva : Akademi︠i︡a nauk SSSR, Ordena Trudovogo Krasnogo Znameni In-t filosofii, 1988.126 p. ; 20 cm.“...Vseso︠i︡uzna︠i︡a shkola molodykh uchenykh Minsk, Belarus...”
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9Published 1998Minsk, Belarus : National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Institute of Mathematics, c1998.3 v. : ill. ; 29 cm.“...International Conference "Finite-Difference Methods: Theory and Application" Minsk, Belarus...”
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10Published 1990Moskva : In-t biologii razviti︠i︡a AN SSSR, 1990.187 p. ; 22 cm.“...Vseso︠i︡uznyĭ simpozium Struktura i funk︠t︡sii kletochnogo ︠i︡adra Grodno, Belarus...”
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11Published 1956Moskva : Izd-vo Akademii nauk SSSR, 1956.494 p. : ill.“...Vseso︠i︡uzna︠i︡a konferen︠t︡si︠i︡a po kolloidnoĭ khimii Minsk, Belarus...”
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12Published 1988Moskva : [s.n.], 1988.129 p. ; 20 cm.“...Vseso︠i︡uzna︠i︡a shkola molodykh uchenykh Minsk, Belarus...”
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13Published 1987Moskva : ILA AN SSSR, 1987.240 p. ; 20 cm.“... struktury sovremennoĭ Argentiny Minsk, Belarus...”
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14Published 1975Gomelʹ : [s.n.], 1975.2 v. ; 20 cm.“...Vseso︠i︡uznyĭ algebraicheskiĭ simpozium Gomelʹ, Belarus...”
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15Published 1990Mogilev : Mogilevskiĭ tekhnologicheskiĭ in-t, 1990.248 p. : ill. ; 20 cm.“... biopolimerov v pishchevykh produktakh" Mahil︠i︡oŭ, Belarus...”
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16Published 1998Sankt-Peterburg : [SPb. gos. un-t (NIIKh)], 1998.356 p. : ill., maps ; 22 cm.“...Rabochee soveshchanie po sravnitelʹnoĭ floristike B︠i︡arezinski dz︠i︡arzhavny zapovednik, Belarus...”
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17Published 1988Moskva : [s.n.], 1988.159 p. ; 20 cm.“...-tekhnicheskogo progressa" Minsk, Belarus...”
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18Published 1993Minsk : Izd. Belorusskoĭ gos. politekhnicheskoĭ akademii, 1993-v. : ill. ; 26 cm.“...Belarus. Ministėrstva adukatsyi...”
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19Published 1964Minsk : Nauka i tekhnika, 1964.325 p. : ill. ; 23 cm.“...Nauchna︠i︡a konferen︠t︡si︠i︡a po izucheni︠i︡u vnutrennikh vodoemov Pribaltiki Minsk, Belarus...”
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20Novoe v lazernoĭ medi︠t︡sine : tezisy Mezhdunarodnoĭ konferen︠t︡sii, 13-15 marta 1991 goda, g. BrestPublished 1991Moskva : [s.n.], 1991.201 p. ; 20 cm.“...Mezhdunarodna︠i︡a konferen︠t︡si︠i︡a "Novoe v lazernoĭ medi︠t︡sine" Brest, Belarus...”