World's Columbian Exposition
![Chicago World's Columbian Exposition and [[Statue of the Republic|''The Republic'' statue]] and administration building in 1893](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Looking_West_From_Peristyle%2C_Court_of_Honor_and_Grand_Basin%2C_1893.jpg)
The '''World's Columbian Exposition, also known as the Chicago World's Fair''', was a world's fair held in Chicago from May 5 to October 31, 1893, to celebrate the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus's arrival in the New World in 1492. The centerpiece of the Fair, held in Jackson Park, was a large water pool representing the voyage that Columbus took to the New World. Chicago won the right to host the fair over several competing cities, including New York City, Washington, D.C., and St. Louis. The exposition was an influential social and cultural event and had a profound effect on American architecture, the arts, American industrial optimism, and Chicago's image.The layout of the Chicago Columbian Exposition was predominantly designed by John Wellborn Root, Daniel Burnham, Frederick Law Olmsted, and Charles B. Atwood. It was the prototype of what Burnham and his colleagues thought a city should be. It was designed to follow Beaux-Arts principles of design, namely neoclassical architecture principles based on symmetry, balance, and splendor. The color of the material generally used to cover the buildings' façades, white staff, gave the fairgrounds its nickname, the White City. Many prominent architects designed its 14 "great buildings". Artists and musicians were featured in exhibits and many also made depictions and works of art inspired by the exposition.
The exposition covered , featuring nearly 200 new but temporary buildings of predominantly neoclassical architecture, canals and lagoons, and people and cultures from 46 countries. More than 27 million people attended the exposition during its six-month run. Its scale and grandeur far exceeded the other world's fairs, and it became a symbol of emerging American exceptionalism, much in the same way that the Great Exhibition became a symbol of the Victorian era United Kingdom.
Dedication ceremonies for the fair were held on October 21, 1892, but the fairgrounds were not opened to the public until May 1, 1893. The fair continued until October 30, 1893. In addition to recognizing the 400th anniversary of the discovery of the New World, the fair served to show the world that Chicago had risen from the ashes of the Great Chicago Fire, which had destroyed much of the city in 1871.
On October 9, 1893, the day designated as Chicago Day, the fair set a world record for outdoor event attendance, drawing 751,026 people. The debt for the fair was soon paid off with a check for $1.5 million (equivalent to $}} in ). Chicago has commemorated the fair with one of the stars on its municipal flag. Provided by Wikipedia
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61Published 1893Topeka : Kansas State Historical Society, 1893viii, 231 p., [23] leaves of plates : ill. ; 24 cm.“...World's Columbian Exposition...”
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62by Ferrier, W. F. (Walter Frederick)
Published 1893Ottawa : Government Printing Bureau, 1893.xix, 128 p. ; 25 cm.“...World's Columbian Exposition...”
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63Published 1893Chicago : Stone, Kastler & Painter, 1893.320 p. : ill., ports., facsims., plan ; 28 cm.“...World's Columbian Exposition...”
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64Published 1893Chicago : Columbian Guide Co., [c1893]192 p. : ill., plan. ; 20 cm.“...World's Columbian Exposition...”
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65Published 1893[Chicago? : s.n., 1893?]40 leaves of plates : ill. ; 15 x 24 cm.“...World's Columbian Exposition...”
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66by Goode, G. Brown (George Brown), 1851-1896
Published 1890Chicago : [s.n.] ; 1890.xv, 196 p. ; 24 cm.“...World's Columbian Exposition...”
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67The Best things to be seen at the World's Fair : published by authority of the exposition managementPublished 1893Chicago : Columbian Guide Co., [1893]182 p., [14] leaves of plates : ill. ; 23 cm.“...World's Columbian Exposition...”
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68by Puig y Valls, Rafael
Published 1896Barcelona : Tip. de la Casa Provincial de Caridad, 1896.274 p. : ill.“...World's Columbian Exposition...”
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69Published 1893St. Louis, Mo. : N.D. Thompson Pub. Co., 1893.1 v. (unpaged) : chiefly ill.“...World's Columbian Exposition...”
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70by Holley, Marietta, 1836-1926
Published 1893New York : Funk & Wagnalls Co., 1893.xi, 694 p. : ill. ; 23 cm.“...World's Columbian Exposition...”
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71Published 1890[189-?]71 leaves.“...World's Columbian Exposition...”
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72Published 1890Chicago : Illustrated World's Fair Publishing Co., 1890-1893.4 v. : ill. ; 40 cm.“...World's Columbian Exposition...”
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73by Morgan, Horace H. (Horace Hills)
Published 1892St. Louis : Pacific Pub. Co., 1892.480 p., [2] leaves of plates (fold.) : ill. (some col.) ; 25 cm.“...World's Columbian Exposition...”
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74Published 1893Chicago : Smith and Colbert, 1893.38 p. : ill.“...World's Columbian Exposition...”
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75Published 1892Chicago : World's Columbian Exposition, Dept. of Publicity and Promotion, 18921 online resource (40 pages) : illustrations.“...World's Columbian Exposition...”
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76by Johnson, Edmond
Published 1893Dublin : Printed by Sealy, Bryers and Walker, 1893.108 p. ; 17 cm.“...World's Columbian Exposition...”
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77by Pope, Albert A. (Albert Augustus), 1843-1909
Published 1892Boston : Albert A. Pope, 1892.110 p. ; 23 cm.“...World's Columbian Exposition...”
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78by Ogilby, James Douglas, 1853-1925
Published 1893Sydney : C. Potter, Government Printer, 1893.ii, 212 p., [51] leaves of plates : ill. ; 28 cm.“...World's Columbian Exposition...”
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79Published 1892San Jose : Tip. Nacional, 1892.56, [46], 57 p.“...World's Columbian Exposition...”
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80Published 1893Paris ; New York : Goupil, 1893.287 p., [15] leaves of plates : ill.“...World's Columbian Exposition...”