World's Columbian Exposition
![Chicago World's Columbian Exposition and [[Statue of the Republic|''The Republic'' statue]] and administration building in 1893](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Looking_West_From_Peristyle%2C_Court_of_Honor_and_Grand_Basin%2C_1893.jpg)
The '''World's Columbian Exposition, also known as the Chicago World's Fair''', was a world's fair held in Chicago from May 5 to October 31, 1893, to celebrate the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus's arrival in the New World in 1492. The centerpiece of the Fair, held in Jackson Park, was a large water pool representing the voyage that Columbus took to the New World. Chicago won the right to host the fair over several competing cities, including New York City, Washington, D.C., and St. Louis. The exposition was an influential social and cultural event and had a profound effect on American architecture, the arts, American industrial optimism, and Chicago's image.The layout of the Chicago Columbian Exposition was predominantly designed by John Wellborn Root, Daniel Burnham, Frederick Law Olmsted, and Charles B. Atwood. It was the prototype of what Burnham and his colleagues thought a city should be. It was designed to follow Beaux-Arts principles of design, namely neoclassical architecture principles based on symmetry, balance, and splendor. The color of the material generally used to cover the buildings' façades, white staff, gave the fairgrounds its nickname, the White City. Many prominent architects designed its 14 "great buildings". Artists and musicians were featured in exhibits and many also made depictions and works of art inspired by the exposition.
The exposition covered , featuring nearly 200 new but temporary buildings of predominantly neoclassical architecture, canals and lagoons, and people and cultures from 46 countries. More than 27 million people attended the exposition during its six-month run. Its scale and grandeur far exceeded the other world's fairs, and it became a symbol of emerging American exceptionalism, much in the same way that the Great Exhibition became a symbol of the Victorian era United Kingdom.
Dedication ceremonies for the fair were held on October 21, 1892, but the fairgrounds were not opened to the public until May 1, 1893. The fair continued until October 30, 1893. In addition to recognizing the 400th anniversary of the discovery of the New World, the fair served to show the world that Chicago had risen from the ashes of the Great Chicago Fire, which had destroyed much of the city in 1871.
On October 9, 1893, the day designated as Chicago Day, the fair set a world record for outdoor event attendance, drawing 751,026 people. The debt for the fair was soon paid off with a check for $1.5 million (equivalent to $}} in ). Chicago has commemorated the fair with one of the stars on its municipal flag. Provided by Wikipedia
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41Published 1893Saint-Étienne : Impr. Théolier, 1893.11 p. ; 19 cm.“...World's Columbian Exposition...”
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42Published 1893Chicago : White City Pub. Co., c1893.127 p.“...World's Columbian Exposition...”
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43Published 1893New York : The Cosmopolitan magazine, 1893.p. 513-640 : ill. ; 26 cm.“...World's Columbian Exposition...”
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44Published 1893Chicago : Electrical Engineering Pub. Co., 1893.x, 118 p. : ill. ; 24 cm.“...World's Columbian Exposition...”
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45Published 1893Sydney : C. Potter, Government printer, 1893.p. 386-403.“...World's Columbian Exposition...”
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46by Arnold, C. D. (Charles Dudley), b. 1844
Published 1893St. Louis : C.B. Woodward Co., 1893.[2] p., [36] leaves of plates : all ill. ; 19 x 26 cm.“...World's Columbian Exposition...”
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47Published 1893Dayton, Ohio : W.J. Shuey, 1893.47 p. ; 15 cm.“...World's Columbian Exposition...”
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48Published 1893Chicago, Ill. : Dept. of Foreign Affairs, World's Columbian Exposition, 1893.8 p. ; 35 cm.“...World's Columbian Exposition...”
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49Published 1893Chicago : R. R. Donnelley & Sons, Co., 1893.221 p., [24] leaves of plates : ill., ports. ; 22 cm.“...World's Columbian Exposition...”
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50Published 1893Chicago : Rand, McNally & Co., 1893.1 online resource (64 pages) : illustrations, map.“...World's Columbian Exposition...”
Center for Research Libraries
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51Published 1893Chicago : Rand, McNally & Company, 1893.96 p. ; 22 cm.“...World's Columbian Exposition...”
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52Published 1893Chicago : [s.n.] 1893.[12] p.“...World's Columbian Exposition...”
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53Published 1893Sydney : C. Potter, Government printer, 1893.138 p.“...World's Columbian Exposition...”
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54Published 1892Boston : Art Souvenir Co., c1892.1 online resource (50 leaves of plates) : ill.“...World's Columbian Exposition...”
Center for Research Libraries
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55Published 1890[Chicago : s.n., 189-?]12 p. : ill. ; 14 x 19 cm.“...World's Columbian Exposition...”
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56Published 1895New York : D. Appleton, 1895.2 v. (508 p.) : ill. (some col.)“...World's Columbian Exposition...”
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57by Guzmán, David J. (David Joaquín), 1846-1927
Published 1892[Place of publication not identified] : [publisher not identified], [1892]1 online resource (6 unnumbered pages, 56 pages, 46 unnumbered pages)“...World's Columbian Exposition...”
Center for Research Libraries
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58by Curtis, William Eleroy, 1850-1911
Published 1893Washington, D.C. : W.H. Lowdermilk Co., [c1893]224 p. : ill. ; 23 cm.“...World's Columbian Exposition...”
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59Exposition graphic : a quarterly edition of the Graphic, devoted to the World's Columbian ExpositionPublished 1891Chicago : Graphic Co., 1891.44 p. : ill.“...World's Columbian Exposition...”
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60by Flinn, John Joseph, 1851-1929
Published 1893Chicago, Columbian Guide Co. [c1893?]72 p. illus.“...World's Columbian Exposition...”