Spain
Spain,, }} also the Kingdom of Spain, is a country in Southern and Western Europe with territories in North Africa. Featuring the southernmost point of continental Europe, it is the largest country in Southern Europe and the fourth-most populous European Union member state. Spanning across the majority of the Iberian Peninsula, its territory also includes the Canary Islands, in the Eastern Atlantic Ocean, the Balearic Islands, in the Western Mediterranean Sea, and the autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla, in mainland Africa. Peninsular Spain is bordered to the north by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; to the east and south by the Mediterranean Sea and Gibraltar; and to the west by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean. Spain's capital and largest city is Madrid, and other major urban areas include Barcelona, Valencia, Seville, Zaragoza, Málaga, Murcia, and Palma de Mallorca.In early antiquity, the Iberian Peninsula was inhabited by Celts, Iberians, and other pre-Roman peoples. With the Roman conquest of the Iberian peninsula, the province of Hispania was established. Following the Romanisation and Christianisation of Hispania, the fall of the Western Roman Empire ushered in the inward migration of tribes from Central Europe, including the Visigoths, who formed the Visigothic Kingdom centred on Toledo. In the early eighth century, most of the peninsula was conquered by the Umayyad Caliphate, and during early Islamic rule, Al-Andalus became a dominant peninsular power centred on Córdoba. The several Christian kingdoms that emerged in Northern Iberia, chief among them Asturias, León, Castile, Aragon and Navarre, made an intermittent southward military expansion and repopulation, known as the ''Reconquista'', repelling Islamic rule in Iberia, which culminated with the Christian seizure of the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada in 1492. The dynastic union of the Crown of Castile and the Crown of Aragon in 1479 under the Catholic Monarchs is often considered the ''de facto'' unification of Spain as a nation state.
During the Age of Discovery, Spain pioneered the exploration and conquest of the New World, made the first circumnavigation of the globe and formed one of the largest empires in history. The Spanish Empire reached a global scale and spread across all continents, underpinning the rise of a global trading system fueled primarily by precious metals. In the 18th century, the Bourbon Reforms, particularly the Nueva Planta decrees, centralized mainland Spain, strengthening royal authority and modernizing administrative structures. In the 19th century, after the victorious Peninsular War against Napoleonic occupation forces, the following political divisions between liberals and absolutists led to the breakaway of most of the American colonies. These political divisions finally converged in the 20th century with the Spanish Civil War, giving rise to the Francoist dictatorship that lasted until 1975. With the restoration of democracy and its entry into the European Union, the country experienced an economic boom that profoundly transformed it socially and politically. Since the Spanish Golden Age, Spanish art, architecture, music, poetry, painting, literature, and cuisine have been influential worldwide, particularly in Western Europe and the Americas. As a reflection of its large cultural wealth, Spain is the world's second-most visited country, has one of the world's largest numbers of World Heritage Sites, and it is the most popular destination for European students. Its cultural influence extends to over 600 million Hispanophones, making Spanish the world's second-most spoken native language and the world's most widely spoken Romance language.
Spain is a secular parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with King Felipe VI as head of state. A developed country, it is a major advanced capitalist economy, with the world's 12th-largest economy by nominal GDP and the 15th-largest by PPP-adjusted GDP. It is also currently the fourth largest economy in the European Union. Spain is a member of the United Nations, the European Union, the eurozone, North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), a permanent guest of the G20, and is part of many other international organisations such as the Council of Europe (CoE), the Organisation of Ibero-American States (OEI), the Union for the Mediterranean, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), and the World Trade Organisation (WTO). Provided by Wikipedia
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5by Author of Operations of the British army in Spain
Published 1809London : Printed by J. Dennett for Sherwood, Neely, and Jones, 1809.40 p. -
6by Philip IV, King of Spain, 1605-1665
Published 1630Milano, Nella Reg. Duc. Corte, per Marc 'Antonio Pandolfo Malatesta stampator re. cam. con privilegio [1630?-1692]7 v. in 2. 30 cm. -
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8Published 1945Madrid, Ediciones Cultura Hispánica, 1945-46.4 v. 33 cm.“...New Spain...”
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9Published 1759[Mexico, 1759][10] p.“...New Spain...”
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10Published 1762[Mexico, 1762][3] p.“...New Spain...”
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11Published 1921Manila, Islas Filipinas ; Rochester, N.Y. : The Company, [1921]2 v. (xii, 1597 p.) ; 21 cm.“...Spain...”
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12Published 1495Valladolid, Diego Alfonso de Alaba y Alfonso Aries de Valencia, 1495.11 l.“...Spain...”
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13Published 1768Mexico : en la impr. de los herederos de doña M. Ribera, 1768.5 v.“...Spain...”
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14Published 1889Madrid : Estab. tip. de P. Nuñez, 1889-<1890>v. <1-6, 9-13> ; 18 cm.“...Spain...”
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16Published 1720Impresso en Cadiz, Por don Miguél Gomez, impressor real de marina, y real Casa de contratacion, año de 1720.9 p.“...Spain...”
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17Published 1678Mexico : Impr. de la viuda de B. Calderón, 1678.3 pts. in 1 v.“...Spain...”
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18[n.p., n.d.]346 leaves [i.e. 692 p.]“...Spain...”
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19Published 1973Madrid : Instituto de España, 1973.2 v. : ill., facsims. ; 33 cm.“...Spain...”
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20Published 1571Alcalá de Henares, Andrés de Angulo, 1571.288 cols., 350 p.“...Spain...”