Peru

Caral/Norte Chico Peru, ; ; Quechua: ''Piruw'' ; }} officially the Republic of Peru,}}}} is a country in western South America. It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia, in the east by Brazil, in the southeast by Bolivia, in the south by Chile, and in the south and west by the Pacific Ocean. Peru is a megadiverse country with habitats ranging from the arid plains of the Pacific coastal region in the west to the peaks of the Andes mountains extending from the north to the southeast of the country to the tropical Amazon basin rainforest in the east with the Amazon River. Peru has a population of over 32 million, and its capital and largest city is Lima. At , Peru is the 19th largest country in the world, and the third largest in South America.

Peruvian territory was home to several cultures during the ancient and medieval periods, and has one of the longest histories of civilization of any country, tracing its heritage back to the 10th millennium BCE. Notable pre-colonial cultures and civilizations include the Caral–Supe civilization (the earliest civilization in the Americas and considered one of the cradles of civilization), the Nazca culture, the Wari and Tiwanaku empires, the Kingdom of Cusco, and the Inca Empire, the largest known state in the pre-Columbian Americas. The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century and Charles V established a viceroyalty with the official name of the Kingdom of Peru that encompassed most of its South American territories, with its capital in Lima. Higher education started in the Americas with the official establishment of the National University of San Marcos in Lima in 1551.

Peru formally proclaimed independence from Spain in 1821, and following the military campaigns of Bernardo O'Higgins, José de San Martín, and Simón Bolívar, as well as the decisive battle of Ayacucho, it completed its independence in 1824. In the ensuing years, the country first suffered from political instability until a period of relative economic and political stability began due to the exploitation of guano that ended with the War of the Pacific (1879–1884). Throughout the 20th century, Peru grappled with political and social instability, including the internal conflict between the state and guerrilla groups, interspersed with periods of economic growth. Implementation of ''Plan Verde'' shifted Peru towards neoliberal economics under the authoritarian rule of Alberto Fujimori and Vladimiro Montesinos in the 1990s, with the former's political ideology of Fujimorism leaving a lasting imprint on the country's governance that continues to present day. The 2000s marked economic expansion and poverty reduction, but the subsequent decade revealed long-existing sociopolitical vulnerabilities, exacerbated by a political crisis instigated by Congress and the COVID-19 pandemic, precipitating the period of unrest beginning in 2022.

The sovereign state of Peru is a representative democratic republic divided into 25 regions. Its main economic activities include mining, manufacturing, agriculture and fishing, along with other growing sectors such as telecommunications and biotechnology. The country forms part of The Pacific Pumas, a political and economic grouping of countries along Latin America's Pacific coast that share common trends of positive growth, stable macroeconomic foundations, improved governance and an openness to global integration. Peru ranks high in social freedom; it is an active member of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, the Pacific Alliance, the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership and the World Trade Organization; and is considered as a middle power.

Peru's population includes Mestizos, Amerindians, Europeans, Africans and Asians. The main spoken language is Spanish, although a significant number of Peruvians speak Quechuan languages, Aymara, or other Indigenous languages. This mixture of cultural traditions has resulted in a wide diversity of expressions in fields such as art, cuisine, literature, and music.

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  1. 121
    Published 1976
    Lima : Cardenas Muñoz, 1976.
    1 online resource (163 pages)
    “...Peru...”
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  2. 122
    Published 1945
    Lima, Perú : Imprenta Torres Aquirre, 1945.
    1 online resource (lxxxvi, 644 pages) : portrait.
    “...Peru...”
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  3. 123
    Published 1967
    Lima, Perú : Ediciones Hemisferio, [1967]
    1 online resource (184 pages)
    “...Peru...”
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  4. 124
    Published 1940
    Lima, Perú : Imprenta americana, 1940-1944.
    1 online resource (15 volumes)
    “...Peru...”
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  5. 125
    Published 1924
    [Lima] : [E. Moreno], 1924.
    1 online resource (vi, 174 pages)
    “...Peru...”
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  6. 126
    Published 1965
    Trujillo, Perú : Librería y Editorial Bolivariana, [cover 1965]
    1 online resource (332 pages)
    “...Peru...”
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  7. 127
    Published 1965
    Lima, Perú : Editorial Thesis, 1965.
    1 online resource (294 pages)
    “...Peru...”
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  8. 128
    Published 1955
    [Cuzco] : Ediciones "Idea", 1955.
    1 online resource (2 unnumbered preliminary leaves, 2 unnumbered pages, xx, 14-178 pages)
    “...Peru...”
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  9. 129
    Published 1975
    Lima, Perú : Edit. Nueva Educación, 1975.
    1 online resource (302 pages) : forms.
    “...Peru...”
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  10. 130
    Published 1870
    Lima : Imp. del Estado, 1870.
    1 online resource (476 pages)
    “...Peru...”
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  11. 131
    Published 1974
    Lima, Perú : Editorial Mercurio, 1974.
    1 online resource (198 pages)
    “...Peru...”
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  12. 132
    Published 1974
    Lima : Mosca Azul Editores, 1974.
    1 online resource (350 pages)
    “...Peru...”
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  13. 133
    Published 1959
    Lima, Perú : Imprenta "Carrera, " 1959-1960.
    1 online resource (2 volumes)
    “...Peru...”
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  14. 134
    Published 1962
    Arequipa, Perú : Editorial Universitaria, 1962-1966.
    1 online resource (3 volumes)
    “...Peru...”
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  15. 135
    Published 1959
    Lima, Perú : [publisher not identified], 1959.
    1 online resource (x, 372 pages)
    “...Peru...”
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  16. 136
    Published 1926
    Lima : F. y E. Rosay, 1926.
    1 online resource (xxx, 447 pages)
    “...Peru...”
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  17. 137
    Published 1962
    Madrid : Instituto de Cultura Hispanica, 1962.
    1 online resource (287 pages)
    “...Peru...”
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  18. 138
    Published 1949
    Lima, Perú : Imp. de la Dirección General de la G.C. y P., [1949]
    1 online resource (18 pages)
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  19. 139
    Published 1964
    Lima, Perú : [Editorial Jurídica], 1964.
    1 online resource (513 pages)
    “...Peru...”
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  20. 140
    Published 1969
    Lima, Perú : Tipografía-Offset "Sesator, 1969.
    1 online resource (xx, 1174, xxi-lxxxii pages)
    “...Peru...”
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