Peru
![Caral/Norte Chico](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Caral-25.jpg)
Peruvian territory was home to several cultures during the ancient and medieval periods, and has one of the longest histories of civilization of any country, tracing its heritage back to the 10th millennium BCE. Notable pre-colonial cultures and civilizations include the Caral–Supe civilization (the earliest civilization in the Americas and considered one of the cradles of civilization), the Nazca culture, the Wari and Tiwanaku empires, the Kingdom of Cusco, and the Inca Empire, the largest known state in the pre-Columbian Americas. The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century and Charles V established a viceroyalty with the official name of the Kingdom of Peru that encompassed most of its South American territories, with its capital in Lima. Higher education started in the Americas with the official establishment of the National University of San Marcos in Lima in 1551.
Peru formally proclaimed independence from Spain in 1821, following the military campaigns of José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar, and the decisive battle of Ayacucho, Peru completed its independence in 1824. In the ensuing years, the country first suffered from political instability until a period of relative economic and political stability began due to the exploitation of guano that ended with the War of the Pacific (1879–1884). Throughout the 20th century, Peru grappled with political and social instability, including the internal conflict between the state and guerrilla groups, interspersed with periods of economic growth. Implementation of ''Plan Verde'' shifted Peru towards neoliberal economics under the authoritarian rule of Alberto Fujimori and Vladimiro Montesinos in the 1990s, with the former's political ideology of Fujimorism leaving a lasting imprint on the country's governance that continues to present day. The 2000s marked economic expansion and poverty reduction, but the subsequent decade revealed long-existing sociopolitical vulnerabilities, exacerbated by a political crisis instigated by Congress and the COVID-19 pandemic, precipitating the period of unrest beginning in 2022.
The sovereign state of Peru is a representative democratic republic divided into 25 regions. Its main economic activities include mining, manufacturing, agriculture and fishing, along with other growing sectors such as telecommunications and biotechnology. The country forms part of The Pacific Pumas, a political and economic grouping of countries along Latin America's Pacific coast that share common trends of positive growth, stable macroeconomic foundations, improved governance and an openness to global integration. Peru ranks high in social freedom; it is an active member of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, the Pacific Alliance, the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership and the World Trade Organization; and is considered as a middle power.
Peru's population includes Mestizos, Amerindians, Europeans, Africans and Asians. The main spoken language is Spanish, although a significant number of Peruvians speak Quechuan languages, Aymara, or other Indigenous languages. This mixture of cultural traditions has resulted in a wide diversity of expressions in fields such as art, cuisine, literature, and music.
Provided by Wikipedia
-
41Published 1959### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>Lima, Perú : Editorial Mercurio, [1959?]1 online resource (294 pages)“...Peru...”
Center for Research Libraries
Online Resource -
42Published 1961### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>Lima, Perú : Tipograpfía peruana, 1961.1 online resource (2 volumes).“...Peru...”
Center for Research Libraries
Online Resource -
43Published 1945### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>Lima : [Imprenta Americana], 1945.1 online resource (143 pages)“...Peru...”
Center for Research Libraries
Online Resource -
44Published 1975### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>Lima, Perú : Editorial Desarrollo, 1975.1 online resource (91 pages)“...Peru...”
LLMC Digital
Online Resource -
45Published 1976### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>Lima, Perú : Editora Lima, 1976.1 online resource (164 pages)“...Peru...”
LLMC Digital
Online Resource -
46Published 1962### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>Lima, Perú : Editorial Mercurio, [1962?]1 online resource (300 pages)“...Peru...”
LLMC Digital
Online Resource -
47Published 1953### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>Arequipa, Perú : Imprenta Portugal, 1953.1 online resource (100 pages, 14 unnumbered pages) : facsimile.“...Peru...”
LLMC Digital
Online Resource -
48Published 1965### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>Lima : [publisher not identified], 1965.1 online resource (206 pages)“...Peru...”
LLMC Digital
Online Resource -
49Published 1973### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>Lima : Editorial Mercurio, 1973.1 online resource (400 pages)“...Peru...”
LLMC Digital
Online Resource -
50Published 1924### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>Washington, D.C. : [publisher not identified], 1924.1 online resource (2 volumes)“...Peru...”
LLMC Digital
Online Resource -
51Published 1965### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>Lima, Peru : Ediciones Martínez de Legislación, 1965.1 online resource (109 pages)“...Peru...”
LLMC Digital
Online Resource -
52Published 1974### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>Lima : [publisher not identified], 1974.1 online resource (530 pages)“...Peru...”
LLMC Digital
Online Resource -
53Published 1967### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>Lima, Perú : Editorial Mercurio, [1967?]1 online resource (138 pages)“...Peru...”
LLMC Digital
Online Resource -
54Published 1953### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>Lima, Perú : [publisher not identified], 1953.1 online resource (434 pages)“...Peru...”
LLMC Digital
Online Resource -
55Published 1975### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>Lima, Perú : Editorial Mercurio, 1975.1 online resource (203 pages) : forms.“...Peru...”
LLMC Digital
Online Resource -
56Published 1949### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>Lima, Perú : Normas Legales, 1949.1 online resource (70 pages)“...Peru...”
LLMC Digital
Online Resource -
57by Lama, Miguel Antonio de la, 1839-### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>
Published 1920Lima : Libreria é Imprenta Gil, 1920.1 online resource (viii, 1227 pages)“...Peru...”
LLMC Digital
Online Resource -
58Published 1967### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>Lima, Perú : Departamento de Prensa y Publicaciones de la Benemérita Guardia Civil, 1967.1 online resource (xiv, 491 pages) : illustrations.“...Peru...”
LLMC Digital
Online Resource -
59Published 1948### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>Lima, Perú : Librería e Imprenta D. Miranda, [1948]1 online resource (160 pages)“...Peru...”
LLMC Digital
Online Resource -
60Published 1966### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>Lima, Perú : [publisher not identified], 1966.1 online resource (692 pages)“...Peru...”
LLMC Digital
Online Resource