Panama
Panama ( , ; ), officially the Republic of Panama, is a country in Latin America at the southern end of Central America, bordering South America. It is bordered by Costa Rica to the west, Colombia to the southeast (Colombia–Panama border), the Caribbean Sea to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to the south. Its capital and largest city is Panama City, whose metropolitan area is home to nearly half the country's over |,||}}/1e6 round 0}} million inhabitants.Before the arrival of Spanish colonists in the 16th century, Panama was inhabited by a number of different indigenous tribes. It broke away from Spain in 1821 and joined the Republic of Gran Colombia, a union of Nueva Granada, Ecuador, and Venezuela. After Gran Colombia dissolved in 1831, Panama and Nueva Granada eventually became the Republic of Colombia. With the backing of the United States, Panama seceded from Colombia in 1903, allowing the construction of the Panama Canal to be completed by the United States Army Corps of Engineers between 1904 and 1914. The 1977 Torrijos–Carter Treaties agreed to transfer the canal from the United States to Panama on December 31, 1999. The surrounding territory was first returned in 1979.
Revenue from canal tolls continues to represent a significant portion of Panama's GDP, especially since the Panama Canal expansion project (finished in 2016) has doubled its capacity.
Commerce, banking, and tourism are major sectors. Panama is regarded as having a high-income economy. In 2019 Panama ranked 57th in the world in terms of the Human Development Index. In 2018, Panama was ranked the seventh-most competitive economy in Latin America, according to the World Economic Forum's Global Competitiveness Index. Panama was ranked 84th in the Global Innovation Index in 2023. Covering around 40 percent of its land area, Panama's jungles are home to an abundance of tropical plants and animals – some of them found nowhere else on earth. Panama is a founding member of the United Nations and other international organizations such as the Organization of American States, Latin America Integration Association, Group of 77, World Health Organization, and Non-Aligned Movement. Provided by Wikipedia
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141Published 1917New York city, Pub. for the Committee on cooperation in Latin America, by the Missionary education movement [c1917]3 v. fold. map. 20 cm.Also issued online.“...Congress on Christian Work in Latin America Panama...”
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142Published 1954Panamá, 1954-v. tables. 28 cm.“...Panama. Dirección de Estadística y Censo...”
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143Published 1918New York : Brooklyn Museum, 1918.99 p. : ill. ; 22 cm.“...Panama-Pacific International Exposition...”
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144Published 1915San Francisco : Press of H.S. Crocker Co., 1915.120 p. : ill. ; 24 cm.“...Panama-Pacific International Exposition...”
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145Panama.28 cm.“...Panama. Dirección de Estadística y Censo...”
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146[Panamá] : Contraloría General de la República, Dirección de Estadística y Censo,v. ; 28 cm.“...Panama. Dirección de Estadística y Censo...”
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147by Simpson, Anna Pratt
Published 1916San Francisco : The Woman's Board, 1915 [i.e. 1916][6], xvii, [1], 191, [119] p. : mounted ill., mounted ports. ; 22 cm.“...Panama-Pacific International Exposition Company. Woman's Board...”
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148Published 1915San Francisco : Wahlgreen Co., c1915.159 p., 1 folded leaf of plates : ill., map, plan ; 20 cm.“...Panama-Pacific International Exposition San Francisco, Calif....”
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149by Baxter, Glaister
Published 1937Panama, Imprenta nacional, 1937.xi, 92 p. 22cm.“...Panama (Republic). Secretaría de educación y agricultura...”
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150Published 1915San Francisco : Wahlgreen Co., 1915.256 p. : ill., plans ; 23 cm.“...Panama-Pacific International Exposition San Francisco, Calif....”
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151Published 1915Baltimore : Cromwell-Luckett, 1915.1 online resource ([40] p.)“...Panama-Pacific International Exposition San Francisco, Calif....”
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152Published 1915San Francisco : Wahlgreen Co., c1915.1 online resource (20 p.) : ill., plans.“...Panama-Pacific International Exposition San Francisco, Calif....”
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153Published 1915San Francisco : Wahlgreen Co., ©1915.1 online resource (159 pages, 1 leaf of plates) : illustrations, map, plan.“...Panama-Pacific International Exposition San Francisco, Calif....”
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154Published 1915San Francisco : P. Elder and Company, 1915.2 v. : ill., plans ; 28 cm.“...Panama-Pacific International Exposition San Francisco, Calif....”
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155Published 1915[San Francisco, 1915?]94 p. illus.Also issued online.“...Panama-Pacific International Exposition San Francisco, Calif....”
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156Published 1947Panamá, Impr. Nacional, 1947.xvii, 167 p. illus., maps 26 cm.“...Panama. Ministerio de Agricultura, Comercio e Industrias...”
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157Published 1914San Francisco : The Exposition, 1914.77 p. ; 23 cm.“...Panama-Pacific International Exposition San Francisco, Calif....”
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158Published 1916San Francisco, Pacific Novelty Co. [1916?][64] p. illus.“...Panama-Pacific International Exposition San Francisco, Calif....”
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159Published 1915San Francisco : Wahlgreen Co., 1915.18 p. : ill., plans.“...Panama-Pacific International Exposition San Francisco, Calif....”
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160Published 1914San Francisco : The Exposition, 1914.1 online resource ([3] p.)“...Panama-Pacific International Exposition San Francisco, Calif....”
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