Panama
Panama ( , ; ), officially the Republic of Panama, is a country in Latin America at the southern end of Central America, bordering South America. It is bordered by Costa Rica to the west, Colombia to the southeast (Colombia–Panama border), the Caribbean Sea to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to the south. Its capital and largest city is Panama City, whose metropolitan area is home to nearly half the country's over |,||}}/1e6 round 0}} million inhabitants.Before the arrival of Spanish colonists in the 16th century, Panama was inhabited by a number of different indigenous tribes. It broke away from Spain in 1821 and joined the Republic of Gran Colombia, a union of Nueva Granada, Ecuador, and Venezuela. After Gran Colombia dissolved in 1831, Panama and Nueva Granada eventually became the Republic of Colombia. With the backing of the United States, Panama seceded from Colombia in 1903, allowing the construction of the Panama Canal to be completed by the United States Army Corps of Engineers between 1904 and 1914. The 1977 Torrijos–Carter Treaties agreed to transfer the canal from the United States to Panama on December 31, 1999. The surrounding territory was first returned in 1979.
Revenue from canal tolls continues to represent a significant portion of Panama's GDP, especially since the Panama Canal expansion project (finished in 2016) has doubled its capacity.
Commerce, banking, and tourism are major sectors. Panama is regarded as having a high-income economy. In 2019 Panama ranked 57th in the world in terms of the Human Development Index. In 2018, Panama was ranked the seventh-most competitive economy in Latin America, according to the World Economic Forum's Global Competitiveness Index. Panama was ranked 84th in the Global Innovation Index in 2023. Covering around 40 percent of its land area, Panama's jungles are home to an abundance of tropical plants and animals – some of them found nowhere else on earth. Panama is a founding member of the United Nations and other international organizations such as the Organization of American States, Latin America Integration Association, Group of 77, World Health Organization, and Non-Aligned Movement. Provided by Wikipedia
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121Published 1921### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>San Francisco : Panama-Pacific International Exposition Co., [1921]111 p. ; 29 cm.“...Panama-Pacific International Exposition Company...”
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122Published 1903### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>Panamá : Imprenta Nacional, 1903-1 online resource ( volumes)“...Panama. Corte Suprema de Justicia...”
LLMC Digital
Online Resource -
123Panaḿa, R. de P.v. 23 cm.“...Panama. Inspeccíon General de Ensẽnanza...”
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124by Cervera, Augusto A.### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>
Published 1921Panamá : Tipografía Moderna, 1921-1 online resource ( volumes)“...Panama. Corte Suprema de Justicia...”
Center for Research Libraries
Online Resource -
125Published 1954### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>Panama 1954-57.2 v. tables.“...Panama. Dirección de Estadística y Censo...”
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126Published 1914### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>La Paz, Bolivia, Lit. e impr. "Moderna," 1914.179 p. illus.“...Bolivia. Comisión Nacional, Exposición Internacional Panama-Pacifico, 1915...”
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127Published 1915### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>Omaha : Rand McNally, 1915.64 p. : ill., map ; 19 cm.“...Panama-Pacific International Exposition...”
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128Published 1949### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>Washington : National Archives, 1949.27 microfilm reels ; 35 mm.“...United States. Consulate (Panama, Panama)...”
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129Published 1941### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>Panamá City : [s.n., 1941-1953]17 v. ; 28 cm.“...Panama. Dirección de Estadística y Censo...”
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130Published 1948### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>[Panamá, 1948]xiv, 196 p. illus., maps. 26 cm.“...Panama. Ministerio de Agricultura y Comercio...”
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131Published 1953### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>Panama, 1953.69 p. diagrs., tables. 22 cm.“...Panama. Contraloría General de la República...”
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132Published 1931### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>Panamá, Imprenta nacional, 1931-v. tables. 25 cm.“...Panama (Republic). Dirección General del Censo...”
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133Published 1914### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>Panama : Dirección general y Comité central de la Exposición, 1914-1915.v. : ill., maps ; 25 cm.“...Exposición Nacional de Panama...”
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134Published 1956### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>[Panamá] 1956-v. illus., tables. 28 cm.“...Panama. Dirección de Estadística y Censo...”
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135Panama.volumes tables (some folded) 24-29 cm.“...Panama. Ministerio de Gobierno y Justicia...”
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136Panama, Dirección de Estadistica y Censo.v. ill. 22 cm.“...Panama. Dirección de Estadística y Censo...”
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137Published 1953### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>Panamá, 1953.xvi, 139 p. illus., ports., map, diagr., facsims., forms. 27 cm.“...Panama. Dirección de Estadística y Censo...”
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138Panamá : Tip. Casis y Cia.v. ; 23-27 cm.“...Panama. Ministerio de Hacienda y Tesoro...”
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139Published 1915### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>[San Francisco, The Abbott press, c1915]3 p. l., [9]-191, [1] p. illus., col. plates. 28 cm.“...Panama-Pacific dental congress San Francisco...”
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140Published 1946### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>[New York] Standard Oil Company (New Jersey) c1946.6 p. ̋., 15-530, [6] p. illus. 29 cm.“...Panama Transport Company...”