Panama
Panama ( , ; ), officially the Republic of Panama, is a country in Latin America at the southern end of Central America, bordering South America. It is bordered by Costa Rica to the west, Colombia to the southeast (Colombia–Panama border), the Caribbean Sea to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to the south. Its capital and largest city is Panama City, whose metropolitan area is home to nearly half the country's over |,||}}/1e6 round 0}} million inhabitants.Before the arrival of Spanish colonists in the 16th century, Panama was inhabited by a number of different indigenous tribes. It broke away from Spain in 1821 and joined the Republic of Gran Colombia, a union of Nueva Granada, Ecuador, and Venezuela. After Gran Colombia dissolved in 1831, Panama and Nueva Granada eventually became the Republic of Colombia. With the backing of the United States, Panama seceded from Colombia in 1903, allowing the construction of the Panama Canal to be completed by the United States Army Corps of Engineers between 1904 and 1914. The 1977 Torrijos–Carter Treaties agreed to transfer the canal from the United States to Panama on December 31, 1999. The surrounding territory was first returned in 1979.
Revenue from canal tolls continues to represent a significant portion of Panama's GDP, especially since the Panama Canal expansion project (finished in 2016) has doubled its capacity.
Commerce, banking, and tourism are major sectors. Panama is regarded as having a high-income economy. In 2019 Panama ranked 57th in the world in terms of the Human Development Index. In 2018, Panama was ranked the seventh-most competitive economy in Latin America, according to the World Economic Forum's Global Competitiveness Index. Panama was ranked 84th in the Global Innovation Index in 2023. Covering around 40 percent of its land area, Panama's jungles are home to an abundance of tropical plants and animals – some of them found nowhere else on earth. Panama is a founding member of the United Nations and other international organizations such as the Organization of American States, Latin America Integration Association, Group of 77, World Health Organization, and Non-Aligned Movement. Provided by Wikipedia
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21Published 1913Panama : Imprenta Nacional, 1913.28 p.“...Exposición Nacional de Panama Panama, Panama...”
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22Published 1950[Panama Canal, Panama Canal Press, 1950]21 p. illus. 19 cm.“...Panama Canal (Panama). Health Dept...”
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23Published 1898Panamá : Tipografía Casis y Cía., 1898.1 online resource (171, iv) pages“...Panama...”
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24Published 1916San Diego : I.L. Eno, [1916?]1 v. (unpaged) : ill., photos.“...Panama-California Exposition...”
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25Published 1962[Balboa Heights : Cía. del Canal de Panamá, 1962-v.: ill. ; 28 cm.“...Panama Canal Company...”
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27Published 1914Panama : Imprenta nacional, 1914-1916.1 online resource (volumes)“...Panama. Comisión Codificadora...”
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28Panamá, Contraloría General de la República, Dirección de Contabilidad.28 cm.“...Panama. Dirección de Contabilidad...”
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29Published 1915Boston : Wright & Potter Printing Co., [1915?]1 online resource (v, 234 p., [30] p. of plates) : ill. ; 26 cm.“...Massachusetts. Board of Panama-Pacific Managers...”
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30Published 1915San Francisco : R.A. Reid, 1915.[60] p. : ill. ; 23 x 31 cm.“...Panama-Pacific International Exposition Company...”
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31by Perry, Stella G. S. (Stella George Stern), b. 1877
Published 1915San Francisco : The Wahlgreen Co., 1915.104 p. : ill., plan ; 17 cm.“...Panama-Pacific International Exposition Company...”
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32Published 1915San Francisco : [s.n.], 1915.51 p., [53] p. of plates : ill. ; 17 cm.“...Illinois. Panama-Pacific Exposition Commission...”
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33Published 1915San Francisco : R. A. Reid, 1915.94 p. : ill. ; 13 x 18 cm.“...Panama-Pacific International Exposition Company...”
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34Published 1915Boston : Wright & Potter Printing Co., [1915?]v, 234 p., [30] p. of plates : ill. ; 26 cm.“...Massachusetts. Board of Panama-Pacific Managers...”
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35Published 1915San Francisco : R.A. Reid, 1915.328 p. : ill. ; 23 x 31 cm.“...Panama-Pacific International Exposition Company...”
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36by Todd, Frank Morton
Published 1921New York : G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1921.5 v. : ill. ; 27 cm.“...Panama-Pacific International Exposition Company...”
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37Published 1914San Francisco : Panama Pacific International Exposition Co., 1914.[56] p. : ill., maps ; 26 cm.“...Panama-Pacific International Exposition Company...”
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38Published 1915San Francisco : R.A. Reid, 1915.1 online resource ([60] p.) : ill.“...Panama-Pacific International Exposition Company...”
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39Published 1915San Francisco : [s.n.], 1915.1 online resource (51 p., [53] p. of plates) : ill.“...Illinois. Panama-Pacific Exposition Commission...”
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40Published 1915San Francisco, Cal., R. A. Reid, 1915.327, [1] p., incl. col. front., illus. (part col.) ports. 23 x 32 cm.“...Panama-Pacific International Exposition Company...”