Panama
Panama ( , ; ), officially the Republic of Panama, is a country in Latin America at the southern end of Central America, bordering South America. It is bordered by Costa Rica to the west, Colombia to the southeast (Colombia–Panama border), the Caribbean Sea to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to the south. Its capital and largest city is Panama City, whose metropolitan area is home to nearly half the country's over |,||}}/1e6 round 0}} million inhabitants.Before the arrival of Spanish colonists in the 16th century, Panama was inhabited by a number of different indigenous tribes. It broke away from Spain in 1821 and joined the Republic of Gran Colombia, a union of Nueva Granada, Ecuador, and Venezuela. After Gran Colombia dissolved in 1831, Panama and Nueva Granada eventually became the Republic of Colombia. With the backing of the United States, Panama seceded from Colombia in 1903, allowing the construction of the Panama Canal to be completed by the United States Army Corps of Engineers between 1904 and 1914. The 1977 Torrijos–Carter Treaties agreed to transfer the canal from the United States to Panama on December 31, 1999. The surrounding territory was first returned in 1979.
Revenue from canal tolls continues to represent a significant portion of Panama's GDP, especially since the Panama Canal expansion project (finished in 2016) has doubled its capacity.
Commerce, banking, and tourism are major sectors. Panama is regarded as having a high-income economy. In 2019 Panama ranked 57th in the world in terms of the Human Development Index. In 2018, Panama was ranked the seventh-most competitive economy in Latin America, according to the World Economic Forum's Global Competitiveness Index. Panama was ranked 84th in the Global Innovation Index in 2023. Covering around 40 percent of its land area, Panama's jungles are home to an abundance of tropical plants and animals – some of them found nowhere else on earth. Panama is a founding member of the United Nations and other international organizations such as the Organization of American States, Latin America Integration Association, Group of 77, World Health Organization, and Non-Aligned Movement. Provided by Wikipedia
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221Published 1955Ranʻ kunʻ : Praññʻ thoṅʻ cu Mranʻ mā Nuiṅʻ ṅaṃ toʻ ʼA cuiʺ ra, Puṃ nhipʻ reʺ nhaṅʻʹ Cā reʺ Kiriyā Ṭhāna, 1955.30 p. ; 25 cm.“...Burma. Nuiṅʻ ṅaṃ toʻ Cuikʻ pyuiʺ reʺ Bhaṇʻ Paṇāma Koʻmītī...”
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222Published 1915Albany : J.B. Lyon Co., Printers, 1915.1 online resource (15 p.) : ill., plan.“...Panama-Pacific International Exposition...”
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223Published 1915Albany : J.B. Lyon Co., Printers, 1915.15 p. : ill., plan ; 21 cm.“...Panama-Pacific International Exposition...”
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224Published 1914Montevideo : Talleres gŕaficos A. Barreiro y Ramos, 1914.83, 79 p. : 52 plates (incl. ports.), charts (part col., 1 fold.), fold. map (part col.) ; 22 cm.“...Panama-Pacific International Exposition...”
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225by Harshe, Robert B., b. 1879
Published 1914San Francisco : Published by the Wahlgreen Co. [official publishers to the Panama-Pacific International Exposition], c1914.40 p. ; 23 cm.“...Panama-Pacific International Exposition...”
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226Published 1916San Francisco, Calif. : San Francisco Art Association, [1916?]1 online resource (viii, 112 p., [64] p. of plates)“...Panama-Pacific International Exposition San Francisco, Calif....”
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227Published 1914Panama, Imprenta nacional, 1914.374, xiii p. 26 cm.“...Panama. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores...”
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228Panama, Imprenta Nacional.v. maps. 26 cm.“...Panama (Republic). Ministerio de Educación. Departamento de Estadistica, Personal y Archivos...”
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229Published 1916Roma, Tipografia Nazionale di G. Bertero e c., 1916.96 p.“...Italy. Commissario Generale Italiano per l'Esposizione Internazionale Panama-Pacifico di San...”
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230Published 1906Washington, 1906.37 p.“...Panama Canal. Health Dept...”
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231Published 1937Guatemala, C. A. [Publicada por la Facultad de ciencias naturales y farmacia] 1937.487 p. illus. (part col.; incl. ports., forms) 26 cm.“...Congreso Farmacéutico de Centro América y Panamá Guatemala...”