Massachusetts
wild turkey | fish = Cod | flower = Mayflower | insect = Ladybug | mammal = Right whale, Morgan horse, Tabby cat, Boston Terrier | reptile = Garter snake | tree = American elm | beverage = Cranberry juice | colors = Blue, green, cranberry | dance = Square dance | food = Cranberry, corn muffin, navy bean, Boston cream pie, chocolate chip cookie, Boston cream doughnut | fossil = Dinosaur Tracks | gemstone = Rhodonite | mineral = Babingtonite | poem = Blue Hills of Massachusetts | rock = Roxbury Puddingstone | shell = New England Neptune, ''Neptunea lyrata decemcostata'' | ship = ''Schooner Ernestina'' | slogan = ''Make It Yours'',''The Spirit of America'' | soil = Paxton | sport = Basketball | image_route = MA Route 28.svg | image_quarter = 2000 MA Proof.png | quarter_release_date = 2000 }}
Massachusetts ( , ; ), officially the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, is a state in the New England region of the Northeastern United States. It borders the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Maine to its east, Connecticut and Rhode Island to its south, New Hampshire and Vermont to its north, and New York to its west. Massachusetts is the sixth-smallest state by land area. With over seven million residents as of 2020, it is the most populous state in New England, the 16th-most-populous in the country, and the third-most densely populated, after New Jersey and Rhode Island.
The state's capital and most populous city, as well as its cultural and financial center, is Boston. Other major cities are Worcester, Springfield and Cambridge. Massachusetts is also home to the urban core of Greater Boston, the largest metropolitan area in New England and a region profoundly influential upon American history, academia, and the research economy. Originally dependent on agriculture, fishing, and trade, Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution. During the 20th century, the state's economy shifted from manufacturing to services; and in the 21st century, Massachusetts has become the global leader in biotechnology, and also excels in artificial intelligence, engineering, higher education, finance, and maritime trade.
Massachusetts was a site of early English colonization. The Plymouth Colony was founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims of the ''Mayflower''. In 1630, the Massachusetts Bay Colony, taking its name from the Indigenous Massachusett people, also established settlements in Boston and Salem. In 1692, the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of America's most infamous cases of mass hysteria, the Salem witch trials. In the late 18th century, Boston became known as the "Cradle of Liberty" for the agitation there that later led to the American Revolution. In 1777, General Henry Knox founded the Springfield Armory, which, during the Industrial Revolution, catalyzed numerous important technological advances, including interchangeable parts. In 1786, Shays' Rebellion, a populist revolt led by disaffected American Revolutionary War veterans, influenced the United States Constitutional Convention. In the 18th century, the Protestant First Great Awakening, which swept Britain and the Thirteen Colonies, originated from the pulpit of Northampton preacher Jonathan Edwards.
Massachusetts has played a powerful scientific, commercial, and cultural role in U.S. history. Before the American Civil War, the state was a center for the abolitionist, temperance, and transcendentalist movements. In the late 19th century, the sports of basketball and volleyball were invented in the western Massachusetts cities of Springfield and Holyoke, respectively. Massachusetts has a reputation for social and political progressivism; becoming the only U.S. state with a right to shelter law, and the first U.S. state, and one of the earliest jurisdictions in the world, to legally recognize same-sex marriage. Boston is considered a hub of LGBT culture and activism in the United States. Prominent American political dynasties have hailed from the state, including the Adams and Kennedy families.
Harvard University in Cambridge is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States, with the largest financial endowment of any university in the world. The university has educated eight U.S. Presidents, while Harvard Law School has educated a contemporaneous majority of Justices of the U.S. Supreme Court. Kendall Square in Cambridge has been called "the most innovative square mile on the planet" for producing high concentrations of entrepreneurial start-ups and quality innovations since 2010. Both Harvard and MIT, also in Cambridge, are perennially ranked as either the most or among the most highly regarded academic institutions in the world. Massachusetts's public-school students place among the top tier in the world in academic performance.
Massachusetts is one of the most educated, most developed, and wealthiest states in the entire U.S. Per the ''US News and World Report'', the state ranks first in the percentage of population 25 and over with either a bachelor's degree or advanced degree, first on both the American Human Development Index and standard Human Development Index, first in per capita income, and second in median household income (after Maryland). Consequently, Massachusetts ranks among the top states in the country for citizens to live in, as well as one of the most expensive in the country. Provided by Wikipedia
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161Published 2007### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>Boston, MA : Massachusetts Historical Society, ©2007-“...Massachusetts Historical Society...”
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162Published 1879### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>Boston : The Society, 1879-1998.109 v. : ill., maps, facsims., ports. ; 23-25 cm.“...Massachusetts Historical Society...”
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163Published 1808### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>Boston : The Society, 1808.1 v. : ill.“...Massachusetts Medical Society...”
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164Boston, Massachusetts General Hospital.4 v. ill.“...Massachusetts General Hospital...”
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165Published 1838### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>Boston. Dutton and Wentworth, 1838.139 p. 23 cm.“...Massachusetts. Geological Survey...”
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166Published 1921### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>Boston, Mass. : Griffith-Stillings Press, 1921.303 pages, [9] leaves of plates : illustrations.“...Massachusetts General Hospital...”
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167Published 1880### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>Boston, The Society, 1880.viii, 545 p. front. (port.) plates. 24 cm.“...Massachusetts Horticultural Society...”
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168by Quelch, John, 1666?-1704### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>
Published 1704London : Printed for Ben. Bragg in Avemary-Lane, 1704.[2], 24 p.“...Massachusetts. Court of Admiralty...”
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169by Warren, Jonathan Mason, 1811-1867### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>
Published 1864Boston, D. Clapp, 1864.84 p. 25 cm.“...Massachusetts Medical Society...”
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170Published 1881### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>Boston, T. Ball, 1881.31 p.“...Massachusetts General Hospital...”
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171Published 1835### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>Amherst : J.S. and C. Adams, 1835.2 p., xii, 702 p., [16] leaves of plates, [1] folded table, [1] folded chart : ill., maps (one folded) ; 24 cm.“...Massachusetts. Geological Survey...”
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172by Zakaria bin Haji Ahmad, 1947-### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>
Published 1977[Place of publication not identified] : [publisher not identified], 1977.1 online resource (496 pages) : illustrations.“...Massachusetts Institute of Technology...”
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173Published 1938### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>Philadelphia, Lippincott [c1938]x, 1036 p. ill.“...Massachusetts General Hospital...”
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174Published 1812### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>Boston : Massachusetts Bible Society, 1812-1829.18 volumes ; 22 cm.Also issued on microfilm by American Theological Library Association.“...Massachusetts Bible Society...”
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175Boston : G. H. Ellis,v. : ill.“...Massachusetts Babies Hospital...”
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176Published 1915### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>Boston : Massachusetts General Hospital, 1915-1923.9 v. : ill.“...Massachusetts General Hospital...”
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177Published 1878### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>Boston : David Clapp & Son, 1878-1890.5 v. ; 25 cm.Also available on microfilm from Library of Congress.“...Massachusetts Medical Society...”
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178[Boston] : David Clapp & Son,v. ; 25 cm.Also available on microfilm from Library of Congress.“...Massachusetts Medical Society...”
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179Published 1875### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>Boston : David Clapp & Son, -1875.v. ; 25 cm.Also available on microfilm from Library of Congress.“...Massachusetts Medical Society...”
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180Published 1894### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>Boston : The Society, 1894-v. ; 25 cm.“...Massachusetts Medical Society...”