Myanmar
Myanmar,, }} officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar; )}} and also known as Burma (the official name until 1989), is a country in Southeast Asia. It is the largest country by area in Mainland Southeast Asia and has a population of about 55 million. It is bordered by Bangladesh and India to its northwest, China to its northeast, Laos and Thailand to its east and southeast, and the Andaman Sea and the Bay of Bengal to its south and southwest. The country's capital city is Naypyidaw, and its largest city is Yangon (formerly Rangoon).Early civilisations in the area included the Tibeto-Burman-speaking Pyu city-states in Upper Myanmar and the Mon kingdoms in Lower Myanmar. In the 9th century, the Bamar people entered the upper Irrawaddy valley, and following the establishment of the Pagan Kingdom in the 1050s, the Burmese language, culture, and Theravada Buddhism slowly became dominant in the country. The Pagan Kingdom fell to Mongol invasions, and several warring states emerged. In the 16th century, reunified by the Taungoo dynasty, the country became the largest empire in the history of Southeast Asia for a short period. The early 19th-century Konbaung dynasty ruled over an area that included modern Myanmar and briefly controlled Manipur and Assam as well. The British East India Company seized control of the administration of Myanmar after three Anglo-Burmese Wars in the 19th century, and the country became a British colony. After a brief Japanese occupation, Myanmar was reconquered by the Allies. On 4 January 1948, Myanmar declared independence under the terms of the Burma Independence Act 1947.
Myanmar's post-independence history has continued to be checkered by unrest and conflict. The coup d'état in 1962 resulted in a military dictatorship under the Burma Socialist Programme Party. On 8 August 1988, the 8888 Uprising then resulted in a nominal transition to a multi-party system two years later, but the country's post-uprising military council refused to cede power, and has continued to rule the country through to the present. The country remains riven by ethnic strife among its myriad ethnic groups and has one of the world's longest-running ongoing civil wars. The United Nations and several other organisations have reported consistent and systemic human rights violations in the country. In 2011, the military junta was officially dissolved following a 2010 general election, and a nominally civilian government was installed. Aung San Suu Kyi and political prisoners were released and the 2015 Myanmar general election was held, leading to improved foreign relations and eased economic sanctions, although the country's treatment of its ethnic minorities, particularly in connection with the Rohingya conflict, continued to be a source of international tension and consternation. Following the 2020 Myanmar general election, in which Aung San Suu Kyi's party won a clear majority in both houses, the Burmese military (Tatmadaw) again seized power in a coup d'état. The coup, which was widely condemned by the international community, led to continuous ongoing widespread protests in Myanmar and has been marked by violent political repression by the military, as well as a larger outbreak of the civil war. The military also arrested Aung San Suu Kyi in order to remove her from public life, and charged her with crimes ranging from corruption to the violation of COVID-19 protocols; all of the charges against her are "politically motivated" according to independent observers.
Myanmar is a member of the East Asia Summit, Non-Aligned Movement, ASEAN, and BIMSTEC, but it is not a member of the Commonwealth of Nations despite once being part of the British Empire. Myanmar is a Dialogue Partner of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. The country is very rich in natural resources, such as jade, gems, oil, natural gas, teak and other minerals, as well as also endowed with renewable energy, having the highest solar power potential compared to other countries of the Great Mekong Subregion. However, Myanmar has long suffered from instability, factional violence, corruption, poor infrastructure, as well as a long history of colonial exploitation with little regard to human development. In 2013, its GDP (nominal) stood at US$56.7 billion and its GDP (PPP) at US$221.5 billion. The income gap in Myanmar is among the widest in the world, as a large proportion of the economy is controlled by cronies of the military junta. Myanmar is one of the least developed countries; as of 2020, according to the Human Development Index, it ranks 147 out of 189 countries in terms of human development, the lowest in Southeast Asia. Since 2021, more than 600,000 people were displaced across Myanmar due to the surge in violence post-coup, with more than 3 million people in dire need of humanitarian assistance. Provided by Wikipedia
-
481Published 2006Bangkok, Thailand : International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour, International Labour Organization, 2006.xviii, 100 p. : ill. ; 27 cm.“...Federation of Trade Unions Burma. Migrant Section...”
-
482Published 1983[Rangoon] : Cā Nayʻ Jaṅʻʺ Myakʻ nhā phuṃʺ Panʻʺ khyī Dhātʻ puṃ Pra pvai Koʻmatī, 1983.205 p. : ill. ; 20 cm.“...Cā Nayʻ Jaṅʻʺ Myakʻ nhā phuṃʺ Panʻʺ khyī Dhātʻ puṃ Pra pvai Rangoon, Burma...”
-
483Published 1937[Rangoon] : G.B.C.P.O., [19]37.21 p. ; 31 cm.“... India and Burma in the Event of Separation...”
-
484Published 2003Toṅʻ krīʺ : Rhamʻʺ Praññʻ nayʻ ʼEʺ Khyamʻʺ Sā yā reʺ nhaṅʻʹ Phvaṃʹ phruiʺ reʺ Koṅʻcī, [2003]1 online resource (239 leaves)“...Burma. Rhamʻʺ Praññʻ nayʻ ʼEʺ Khyamʻʺ Sā yā reʺ nhaṅʻʹ Phvaṃʹ phruiʺ reʺ Koṅʻcī...”
Center for Research Libraries
Online Resource -
485Published 1992Yangon, Myanmar : Dept. for the Promotion and Propagation of the Sāsanā, 1992.xix, 225 p. ; 25 cm.“...Burma. Sāsanā toʻ Thvanʻʺ kāʺ Pranʻʹ pvāʺ Ūʺ cīʺ Ṭhāna...”
-
486Published 1993Kyuikʻ thui : Gopaka ʼA phvaiʹ, Kyuikʻ thīʺ ruiʺ Chaṃ toʻ rhaṅʻ Cetī toʻ, 1993.223 p. : ill. (some col.) ; 24 cm.“...Kyuikʻ thīʺ ruiʺ Chaṃ toʻ rhaṅʻ Cetī toʻ mratʻ Samuiṅʻʺ Pru cu reʺ ʼA phvaiʹ (Kyaikto, Burma)...”
-
487Published 2004Krung Thēp : ʻOngkān Manutsayatham Chāid̄æn Thai-Phamā læ Ph̄ưan Rai Phromd̄æn, 2547 [2004]81 p. : ill. (some col.), col maps ; 26 cm.“...Thailand Burma Border Consortium...”
-
488by Moṅʻ Rvhe
Published 1967[Rangoon] : Ba hui Praññʻ sūʹ ʼA lupʻ sa māʺ Koṅʻcī, 1967.175 p. ; 22 cm.“...Ba hui Praññʻ sūʹʼA lupʻ sa māʺ Koṅʻcī (Burma). ʼA lupʻ ʼA mhu choṅʻ Koʻmītī...”
-
489Published 1967Ranʻ kunʻ : Praññ thoṅʻ su mranʻ mā nhiṅ ṅaṃ toʻ lhanʻ reʺ, ʼA suira paññā reʺ thāna, 1967.90 p. : ill. ; 1967.“...Burma. Praññ thoṅʻ su mranʻ mā nhinʻ ṅaṃ toʻ lhanʻ reʺ. ʼA suira paññā reʺ thāna...”
-
490Published 1992[Rangoon] : Pranʻ krāʺ reʺ Vanʻ krīʺ Ṭhāna, Sa taṅʻʺ nhaṅʻʹ Cā nayʻ jaṅʻʺ Lupʻ ṅanʻʺ, 1992.217 p. : ill. ; 24 cm.“...Burma. ʻA myuiʺ sāʺ Ññī lā khaṃ Kyaṅʻʺ pa reʺ Ññhi nhuiṅʻʹ Chveʺ nveʺ Pvai...”
-
491Published 1994[Rangoon] : ʼA myuiʺ sāʺ Cī maṃ kinʻʺ nhaṅʻʹ Cīʺ pvāʺ reʺ Phvaṃʹ phruiʺ Tuiʺ takʻ mhu Vanʻ krīʺ Ṭhāna, 1994-v. ; 30 cm.“...Burma. ʼA myuiʺ sāʺ Cī maṃ kinʻʺ nhaṅʻʹ Cīʺ pvāʺ reʺ Phvaṃʹ phruiʺ Tuiʺ takʻ mhu Vanʻ krīʺ Ṭhāna...”
-
492Published 1973[Rangoon] : Mranʻ māʻ Chuirhayʻlacʻ Lamʻ" cañʻ Pātī, 1973.141 p. ; 21 cm.“...Nuiṅʻ ṅaṃ toʻ Phvaiʹ caññʻʺ ʼUpʻ khyupʻ puṃ. ʼA khre khaṃ Upade Reʺ chvai reʺ Koʻmīrhaṅʻ (Burma)...”
-
493Published 1997Bangkok : Institute of Asian Studies, Chulalongkorn University, 1997.iii, 119 p. ; 30 cm.“...Takasuilʻ myāʺ Samuiṅʻʺ Sutesana Ṭhāna (Rangoon, Burma)...”
-
494Published 1948Rangoon : Supdt., Govt., Print. and Stationery, Burma, 1948.83 p. 25 cm.“...Burma. Bhunʻʺ Toʻ Krīʺ Kroṅʻʺ Myāʺ Tvaṅʻ Tuiṅʻʺ Raṅʻʺ Bhāsā Paññā Saṅʻ Krāʺ Mhu Cuṃ Camʻʺ Reʺ...”
-
495[Calcutta, National Council, Young Men's Christian Associations of India, Burma and Ceylon]v. ill. 24 cm.“...Young Men's Christian Associations of India, Burma and Ceylon. National Council...”
-
496[Calcutta, National Council, Young Men's Christian Associations of India, Burma and Ceylon]1 online resource (v.) : ill.“...Young Men's Christian Associations of India, Burma and Ceylon. National Council...”
Center for Research Libraries: v.29 (1918)
Online Resource -
497Published 1993[Rangoon] : Pruiṅʻ Pvai Pra Pvai Kyaṅʻʺ pa reʺ Ūʺ cīʺ Koʻmatī, 1993.116 p. : ill. ; 24 cm.“... puṃ Pruiṅʻ Pvai Pra Pvai Rangoon, Burma...”
-
498by Myo Nyunt
Published 1992[Rangoon] : Praññʻ thoṅʻ cu Mranʻ mā Nuiṅʻ ṅaṃ toʻ ʼA cuiʺ ra, Pranʻ krāʺ reʺ Vanʻ krīʺ Ṭhāna, Sa taṅʻʺ nhaṅʻʹ Cā nayʻ jaṅʻʺ Lupʻ ṅanʻʺ, 1992.95 p. ; 18 cm.“...Burma. ʼA myuiʺ sāʺ Ññī lā khaṃ Kyaṅʻʺ pa reʺ Ññhi nhuiṅʻʺ Chveʺ nveʺ Pvai...”
-
499Published 1991Ranʻ kunʻ : Tuiṅʻʺ raṅʻʺ sāʺ Caññʻʺ luṃʺ Ññī ññvatʻ reʺ Pātī, 1991.257 p. ; 22 cm.“...Tuiṅʻʺ raṅʻʺ sāʺ Caññʻʺ luṃʺ Ññī ññvatʻ reʺ Pātī (Burma). Caññʻʺ ruṃʺ reʺ Ba hui Koʻmatī Ṭhāna...”
-
500Published 1960Ranʻ kunʻ : Praññʻ thoṅʻ cu Mranʻ mā Nuiṅʻ ṅaṃ toʻ ʼA cuiʺ ra Puṃ nhipʻ reʺ nhaṅʻʹ cā reʺ kiriyā Ṭhāna, 1960.82 p. : ill. ; 25 cm.“...Burma. Praññʻ thoṅʻ cu Mranʻ mā Nuiṅʻ naṃ toʻ ʼa cui̋ ra pranʻ krā̋ re̋ vanʻ krī̋ ṭhā na...”