Myanmar
Myanmar,, }} officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar; )}} and also known as Burma (the official name until 1989), is a country in Southeast Asia. It is the largest country by area in Mainland Southeast Asia and has a population of about 55 million. It is bordered by Bangladesh and India to its northwest, China to its northeast, Laos and Thailand to its east and southeast, and the Andaman Sea and the Bay of Bengal to its south and southwest. The country's capital city is Naypyidaw, and its largest city is Yangon (formerly Rangoon).Early civilisations in the area included the Tibeto-Burman-speaking Pyu city-states in Upper Myanmar and the Mon kingdoms in Lower Myanmar. In the 9th century, the Bamar people entered the upper Irrawaddy valley, and following the establishment of the Pagan Kingdom in the 1050s, the Burmese language, culture, and Theravada Buddhism slowly became dominant in the country. The Pagan Kingdom fell to Mongol invasions, and several warring states emerged. In the 16th century, reunified by the Taungoo dynasty, the country became the largest empire in the history of Southeast Asia for a short period. The early 19th-century Konbaung dynasty ruled over an area that included modern Myanmar and briefly controlled Manipur and Assam as well. The British East India Company seized control of the administration of Myanmar after three Anglo-Burmese Wars in the 19th century, and the country became a British colony. After a brief Japanese occupation, Myanmar was reconquered by the Allies. On 4 January 1948, Myanmar declared independence under the terms of the Burma Independence Act 1947.
Myanmar's post-independence history has continued to be checkered by unrest and conflict. The coup d'état in 1962 resulted in a military dictatorship under the Burma Socialist Programme Party. On 8 August 1988, the 8888 Uprising then resulted in a nominal transition to a multi-party system two years later, but the country's post-uprising military council refused to cede power, and has continued to rule the country through to the present. The country remains riven by ethnic strife among its myriad ethnic groups and has one of the world's longest-running ongoing civil wars. The United Nations and several other organisations have reported consistent and systemic human rights violations in the country. In 2011, the military junta was officially dissolved following a 2010 general election, and a nominally civilian government was installed. Aung San Suu Kyi and political prisoners were released and the 2015 Myanmar general election was held, leading to improved foreign relations and eased economic sanctions, although the country's treatment of its ethnic minorities, particularly in connection with the Rohingya conflict, continued to be a source of international tension and consternation. Following the 2020 Myanmar general election, in which Aung San Suu Kyi’s party won a clear majority in both houses, the Burmese military (Tatmadaw) again seized power in a coup d'état. The coup, which was widely condemned by the international community, led to continuous ongoing widespread protests in Myanmar and has been marked by violent political repression by the military, as well as a larger outbreak of the civil war. The military also arrested Aung San Suu Kyi in order to remove her from public life, and charged her with crimes ranging from corruption to the violation of COVID-19 protocols; all of the charges against her are "politically motivated" according to independent observers.
Myanmar is a member of the East Asia Summit, Non-Aligned Movement, ASEAN, and BIMSTEC, but it is not a member of the Commonwealth of Nations despite once being part of the British Empire. Myanmar is a Dialogue Partner of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. The country is very rich in natural resources, such as jade, gems, oil, natural gas, teak and other minerals, as well as also endowed with renewable energy, having the highest solar power potential compared to other countries of the Great Mekong Subregion. However, Myanmar has long suffered from instability, factional violence, corruption, poor infrastructure, as well as a long history of colonial exploitation with little regard to human development. In 2013, its GDP (nominal) stood at US$56.7 billion and its GDP (PPP) at US$221.5 billion. The income gap in Myanmar is among the widest in the world, as a large proportion of the economy is controlled by cronies of the military junta. Myanmar is one of the least developed countries; as of 2020, according to the Human Development Index, it ranks 147 out of 189 countries in terms of human development, the lowest in Southeast Asia. Since 2021, more than 600,000 people were displaced across Myanmar due to the surge in violence post-coup, with more than 3 million people in dire need of humanitarian assistance. Provided by Wikipedia
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441Published 2011[Bangkok, Thailand] : ESCAP, [2011]49 pages ; 26 cm.“...Development Partnership Expert Round Table and Development Forum Nay Pyi Taw, Burma...”
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442by Sinʻʺ Phe Mraṅʻʹ, 1914-1978
Published 1969Ranʻ kunʻ : Lha Myuiʺ Cā pe, 1969.54 p. ; 18 cm.“...Burma. Praññʻ tvaṅʻʺ Ññī ññvatʻ reʺ ʼA kraṃ peʺ ʼA phvaiʹ...”
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443[Rangoon] : Ministry of Planning and Finance.v. 29 cm.“...Burma (Union). Cī mam kin ' " nhaṅ ' ' Bhandā re" Van' krī" Thāna...”
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444Published 1982Ranʻ Kunʻ : Prañn krā reʺ nhaṅʻ ȧ saṃ lvhanʻ ūʺ ci thāna, 1982.30, 13 p. : ill., ports. ; 21 cm.“...Burma. Praṅʻ krāʺ reʺ nhaṅʻʹ ʼA saṃ lvhaṅʻʹ Ūʺ cīʺ Ṭhāna...”
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445Published 1960Rangoon : Supdt., Govt. Print. and Stationery, Burma, 1960.58 p. : ill. ; 33 cm.“...Burma. Cā puiʹ tuikʻ nhaṅʻʹ Kreʺ nanʻʺ chakʻ svayʻ reʺ Ṭhāna...”
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446Published 1994[Rangoon] : Praññʻ thoṅʻ cu Mranʻ mā Nuiṅʻ ṅaṃ toʻ ʼA cuiʺ ra, Kunʻ svayʻ reʺ Vanʻ krīʺ Ṭhāna, 1994.40, 40 p. ; 21 cm.“...Burma...”
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447Published 1982[Ranʻ kunʻ] : Praññʻ thoṅʻ cu Chuirhayʻlacʻ Sammāta Mranʻ mā Nuiṅʻ ṅaṃ toʻ Pranʻ krāʺ reʺ Vanʻ krīʺ Ṭhāna, Pranʻ krāʺ reʺ nhaṅʻʹ ʼA saṃ lhvaṅʻʹ Ūʺ cīʺ Ṭhāna, [1982]30, 13 p. : ill., ports. ; 22 cm.“...Burma. Praṅʻ krāʺ reʺ nhaṅʻʹ ʼA saṃ lvhaṅʻʹ Ūʺ cīʺ Ṭhāna...”
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448Ranʻ kunʻ : Pranʻ krā̋ re̋ nhaṅʻ́ ʼA saṃ lvhaṅʻ́ Ū cị̄̋Thāna,: v. : ill. ; 28 cm.“...Burma. Pranʻ krā̋ re̋ nhaṅʻ́ ʼA saṃ lvhaṅʻ́ Ū cīʺ Ṭhāna...”
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449Published 1999New Delhi : Washington, D.C. : Library of Congress Office ; Library of Congress Photoduplication Service, 1999.5 microfiches.“...Burma. Praññʻ thoṅʻ cu Mranʻ mā Nuiṅʻ ṅaṃ toʻ Sanʻ ruimʻ̋ (U.S.)...”
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450Published 1992Ranʻ kunʻ : Ranʻ kunʻ Mruiʹ toʻ Caññʻ paṅʻ Sā yā reʺ Koʻmatī, 1992.96 p. : chiefly ill. ; 24 cm.“...Rangoon (Burma). Ranʻ kunʻ Mruiʹ toʻ Caññʻ paṅʻ Sā yā reʺ Koʻmatī...”
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451Published 1983Ranʻ kunʻ : Sāsanā reʺ Ūʺ cīʺ Ṭhāna, 1983.6, 532 p. : ill. ; 25 cm.“...Burma. Nuiṅʻ ṅaṃ toʻ Sīʺkhrāʺ Vinaññʻʺ dhuirʻ ʼA phvaiʹ, ʼA mhatʻ 4....”
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452Published 1972[S.l. : s.n., 1972]32 p. : ill., ports. ; 25 cm.“...Burma. Praṅʻ krāʺ reʺ nhaṅʻʹ ʼA saṃ lvhaṅʻʹ Ūʺ cīʺ Ṭhāna...”
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453Published 1993[Rangoon] : Praññʻ thoṅʻ cu Mranʻ mā Nuiṅʻ ṅaṃ toʻ ʼA cuiʺ ra, Pranʻ krāʺ reʺ Vanʻ krīʺ Ṭhāna, Sa taṅʻʺ nhaṅʻʹ Cā nayʻ jaṅʻʺ Lupʻ ṅanʻʺ, 1993.4, 578 p. : ill. ; 24 cm.“...Burma. ʼA myuiʺ sāʺ Ññī lā khaṃ Cuṃ ññī ʼA caññʻʺ ʼA veʺ...”
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454by Maung Maung Gyi, U.
Published 1941Rangoon : Superintendent, Government Printing and Stationery, Burma, 1941.14, 23, vii, 300 p., 5 leaves (some folded) : maps, tables, graph ; 34 cm.“...Burma. Conference held at Bassein on the 27th and 28th November 1940 to consider the Report...”
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455Published 1981Ranʻ kunʻ : Sāsanā reʺ Ūʺ cīʺ Ṭhāna, 1981.18, 1112 p. : ill. ; 26 cm.“...Burma. Nuiṅʻ ṅaṃ toʻ Sīʺ khrāʺ Vinaññʻʺ dhuirʻ ʼA phvaiʹ, ʼA mhatʻ 2....”
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456Published 1975[Ranʻ kunʻ] : Takkasuilʻ myāʺ Cā ʼupʻ Pru cu Thutʻ ve reʺ Koʻmītī, 1975-v. <1- > ; 25 cm.“...Takkasuilʻ myāʺ Cā ʼupʻ Pru cu Thutʻ ve reʺ Koʻmītī (Rangoon, Burma)...”
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457by Aung Myo Min
Published 2000Nonthaburi : Human Rights Documentation Unit, 2000.97 p. : ill. ; 21 cm.“...National Coalition Government of the Union of Burma. Human Rights Documentation Unit...”
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458Published 1991[Rangoon] : Mruiʹ Rvā nhaṅʻʹ ʼUiʹ ʼImʻ Phvaṃʹ phruiʺ reʺ Ūʺ cīʺ Ṭhāna, 1991-v. <1 > : ill. (some col.), maps ; 24 cm.“...Burma. Mruiʹ Rvā nhaṅʻʹ ʼUiʺ ʼImʻ Phvaṃʹ phruiʺ reʺ Ūʺ cīʺ Ṭhāna...”
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459Published 1981Ranʻ kunʻ : Sāsanā reʺ Ūʺ cīʺ Ṭhāna, 1981.31, 550 p. : ill. ; 21 cm.“...Burma. Nuiṅʻ ṅaṃ toʻ Sīʺ khrāʺ Vinaññʻʺ dhuirʻ ʼA phvaiʹ, ʼA mhatʻ 1....”
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460Published 1956Ranʻ kunʻ : Praññʻ thoṅʻ cu Mranʻ mā Nuiṅʻ ṅaṃ toʻ ʼA cuiʺ ra Puṃ nhipʻ reʺ nhaṅʻʹ cā reʺ kiriyā Ṭhāna, 1956.1, 29 p. ; 33 cm.“...Burma. Praññʻʹ tanʻ chā pa pyokʻ reʺ Cuṃ camʻʺ reʺ ʼA phvaiʹ...”