Myanmar
Myanmar,, }} officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar; )}} and also known as Burma (the official name until 1989), is a country in Southeast Asia. It is the largest country by area in Mainland Southeast Asia and has a population of about 55 million. It is bordered by India to its west, Bangladesh to its southwest, China to its northeast, Laos and Thailand to its east and southeast, and the Andaman Sea and the Bay of Bengal to its south and southwest. The country's capital city is Naypyidaw, and its largest city is Yangon (formerly Rangoon).Early civilisations in the area included the Tibeto-Burman-speaking Pyu city-states in Upper Myanmar and the Mon kingdoms in Lower Myanmar. In the 9th century, the Bamar people entered the upper Irrawaddy valley, and following the establishment of the Pagan Kingdom in the 1050s, the Burmese language, culture, and Theravada Buddhism slowly became dominant in the country. The Pagan Kingdom fell to Mongol invasions, and several warring states emerged. In the 16th century, reunified by the Taungoo dynasty, the country became the largest empire in the history of Southeast Asia for a short period. The early 19th-century Konbaung dynasty ruled over an area that included modern Myanmar and briefly controlled Manipur and Assam as well. The British East India Company seized control of the administration of Myanmar after three Anglo-Burmese Wars in the 19th century, and the country became a British colony. After a brief Japanese occupation, Myanmar was reconquered by the Allies. On 4 January 1948, Myanmar declared independence under the terms of the Burma Independence Act 1947.
Myanmar's post-independence history has been checkered by continuing unrest and conflict to this day. The coup d'état in 1962 resulted in a military dictatorship under the Burma Socialist Programme Party. On 8 August 1988, the 8888 Uprising then resulted in a nominal transition to a multi-party system two years later, but the country's post-uprising military council refused to cede power, and has continued to rule the country through to the present. The country remains riven by ethnic strife among its myriad ethnic groups and has one of the world's longest-running ongoing civil wars. The United Nations and several other organisations have reported consistent and systemic human rights violations in the country. In 2011, the military junta was officially dissolved following a 2010 general election, and a nominally civilian government was installed. Aung San Suu Kyi and political prisoners were released and the 2015 Myanmar general election was held, leading to improved foreign relations and eased economic sanctions, although the country's treatment of its ethnic minorities, particularly in connection with the Rohingya conflict, continued to be a source of international tension and consternation. Following the 2020 Myanmar general election, in which Aung San Suu Kyi’s party won a clear majority in both houses, the Burmese military (Tatmadaw) again seized power in a coup d'état. The coup, which was widely condemned by the international community, led to continuous ongoing widespread protests in Myanmar and has been marked by violent political repression by the military, as well as a larger outbreak of the civil war. The military also arrested Aung San Suu Kyi in order to remove her from public life, and charged her with crimes ranging from corruption to violation of COVID-19 protocols; all of the charges against her are "politically motivated" according to independent observers.
Myanmar is a member of the East Asia Summit, Non-Aligned Movement, ASEAN, and BIMSTEC, but it is not a member of the Commonwealth of Nations despite once being part of the British Empire. Myanmar is a Dialogue Partner of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. The country is very rich in natural resources, such as jade, gems, oil, natural gas, teak and other minerals, as well as also endowed with renewable energy, having the highest solar power potential compared to other countries of the Great Mekong Subregion. However, Myanmar has long suffered from instability, factional violence, corruption, poor infrastructure, as well as a long history of colonial exploitation with little regard to human development. In 2013, its GDP (nominal) stood at US$56.7 billion and its GDP (PPP) at US$221.5 billion. The income gap in Myanmar is among the widest in the world, as a large proportion of the economy is controlled by cronies of the military junta. Myanmar is one of the least developed countries; as of 2020, according to the Human Development Index, it ranks 147 out of 189 countries in terms of human development, the lowest in Southeast Asia. Since 2021, more than 600,000 people were displaced across Myanmar due to the surge in violence post-coup, with more than 3 million people in dire need of humanitarian assistance. Provided by Wikipedia
-
401Published 1979[Rangoon] : The Ministry, 1979.2, 21 leaves ; 29 cm.“...Burma. Paññā reʺ Vanʻ krīʺ Ṭhāna...”
-
402Published 1993Ranʻ kunʻ Mruiʹ : Pranʻ Krā reʺ Vanʻ Krī ṭhāna, Praññʻ thoṅʻ cu Mranʻ mā nuiṅʻ ṅaṃ Cā pe nhaṅʻʹ cā nayʻ Jaṅʻʺ ʼa phvaiʹ, 1993-v. : ill. ; 24 cm.“...Ca pe nhan' Ca nay' jan A phvai' (Burma)...”
-
403Published 1992[Rangoon] : [Ranʻ kunʻ : Mranʻ mā mhu Bimān Cā pe Bhaṇʻ ; Cinʻ Panʻʺ Mruiṅʻ Cā pe Tuikʻ, 1992?]32 p. ; 29 cm.“...Mranʻ mā mhu Bimānʻ Cā pe Bhaṇʻ (Rangoon, Burma)...”
-
404Published 2003Bangkok : The Peace Way Foundation, 2003.32 p.“...Thai Action Committee for Democracy in Burma...”
-
405Published 1985Ranʻ kunʻ : Ba hui Ta rāʺ Ruṃʺ, 1985.4, 308 p. ; 24 cm.“...Burma. Praññʻ sūʹ Ta rāʺ Sū krīʺ ʼA phvaiʻ...”
-
406Published 1988[Rangoon] : [Ranʻ kunʻ : Mranʻ mā mhu Bimānʻ Cā pe Bhaṇʻ ; Cinʻ Panʻʺ Mruiṅʻ Cā pe Tuikʻ, 1988?]10, 20 p. ; 34 cm.“...Mranʻ mā mhu Bimānʻ Cā pe Bhaṇʻ (Rangoon, Burma)...”
-
407by Ñāṇābhivaṃsa Dhammasenāpati
Published 1991[Rangoon] : [Ranʻ kunʻ : Mranʻ mā mhu Bimānʻ Cā pe Bhaṇʻ ; Cinʻ Panʻʺ Mruiṅʻ Cā pe Tuikʻ, 1991]24-30, 23-30, 11-16, 15-21 p. ; 34 cm.“...Mranʻ mā mhu Bimānʻ Cā pe Bhaṇʻ (Rangoon, Burma)...”
-
408Published 1954London : Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1954.vii, 32 p. : folded map ; 25 cm.“...Great Britain. Industrial Delegation to Burma...”
-
409Published 1993[Rangoon] : Mranʻ mā mhu Bimānʻ Cā pe Bhaṇʻ, [1993?]22 p. : ill. ; 34 cm.“...Mranʻ mā mhu Bimānʻ Cā pe Bhaṇʻ (Rangoon, Burma)...”
-
410Published 1967London, Eng. : India Office Library : Kodak Ltd., Recordak Division, 1967.microfilm reels ; 35 mm.“...Burma. Home Dept...”
-
411Published 1936Rangoon : Government Press, 1936.viii, xxiii, 456 p. ; 25 cm.“...Burma. Paññā reʺ Ṭhāna. Vernacular and Vocational Education Reorganization Committee...”
-
412Published 1993Ranʻ kunʻ : Dept. of Myanmar Language Commission, Ministry of Education, Union of Myanmar, 1993.xxiii, 635, iii p. : ill. ; 28 cm.“...Burma. Paññā reʺ Vanʻ krīʺ Ṭhāna. Mranʻ mā Cā ʼA phvaiʹ...”
-
413Yangon : Directorate of Trade, Ministry of Trade,v. ; 28 cm.“...Burma. Kunʻ svayʻ reʺ Ññvhanʻ krāʺ mhu Ūʺ cīʺ Ṭhāna...”
-
414Published 2005Bangkok, Thailand : Thailand Burma Border Consortium, 2005.ii, 84 pages : illustrations (some color), color maps ; 25 cm.Also issued online.“...Thailand Burma Border Consortium...”
Table of contents
Get full text
-
415Published 2004Bangkok : Thailand Burma Border Consortium, 2004.81 p. : ill. (some col.), col. maps ; 26 cm.“...Thailand Burma Border Consortium...”
-
416Published 1951Ranʻ kunʻ : Praññʻ thoṅʻ cu Mranʻ mā Nuiṅʻ ṅaṃ toʻ ʼA cuiʺ ra Puṃ nhipʻ tuikʻ, 1951.75 p. ; 25 cm.“...Burma. Buddhabhāsā Saṅ khanʻʺ cā Cī cañʻ reʺ ʼA phvaiʹ...”
-
417Published 1967Ranʻ kunʻ : Cā pe Bimānʻ, 1967.50, 138 p. ; 21 cm.“...Sippaṃ Cā pe Nhīʺ Nho Pha Lhayʻ Pvai Rangoon, Burma...”
-
418Published 1982[Rangoon : Puṃ nhipʻ reʺ nhaṅʻʹ Cā reʺ Kiriyā, 1982]60, 375 p. ; 22 cm.“...Burma. Praññʻ sūʹ Lupʻ ṅanʻʺ Cacʻ cheʺ reʺ ʼA phvaiʹ...”
-
419Published 1954Ranʻ Kunʻ : Cā pe bi mānʻ puṃ nhipʻ tuikʻ, 1954.157 p., [21] leaves of plates : ill. ; 24 cm.“...Burma. Cīʺ Pvāʺ reʺ nhaṅʻʹ lū mhu reʺ ʼa phvaiʹ...”
-
420Published 1971Ranʻ kunʻ : Cā pe Bimānʻ, 1971.10, 133 p. ; 23 cm.“...ʼAtthuppatti cā pe Nhīʺ nho pha lhayʻ pvai Rangoon, Burma...”