Myanmar
![[[Pagoda](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Bagan%2C_Burma.jpg)
Early civilisations in the area included the Tibeto-Burman-speaking Pyu city-states in Upper Myanmar and the Mon kingdoms in Lower Myanmar. In the 9th century, the Bamar people entered the upper Irrawaddy valley, and following the establishment of the Pagan Kingdom in the 1050s, the Burmese language, culture, and Theravada Buddhism slowly became dominant in the country. The Pagan Kingdom fell to Mongol invasions, and several warring states emerged. In the 16th century, reunified by the Taungoo dynasty, the country became the largest empire in the history of Southeast Asia for a short period. The early 19th-century Konbaung dynasty ruled over an area that included modern Myanmar and briefly controlled Manipur and Assam as well. The British East India Company seized control of the administration of Myanmar after three Anglo-Burmese Wars in the 19th century, and the country became a British colony. After a brief Japanese occupation, Myanmar was reconquered by the Allies. On 4 January 1948, Myanmar declared independence under the terms of the Burma Independence Act 1947.
Myanmar's post-independence history has continued to be checkered by unrest and conflict. The coup d'état in 1962 resulted in a military dictatorship under the Burma Socialist Programme Party. On 8 August 1988, the 8888 Uprising then resulted in a nominal transition to a multi-party system two years later, but the country's post-uprising military council refused to cede power, and has continued to rule the country through to the present. The country remains riven by ethnic strife among its myriad ethnic groups and has one of the world's longest-running ongoing civil wars. The United Nations and several other organisations have reported consistent and systemic human rights violations in the country. In 2011, the military junta was officially dissolved following a 2010 general election, and a nominally civilian government was installed. Aung San Suu Kyi and political prisoners were released and the 2015 Myanmar general election was held, leading to improved foreign relations and eased economic sanctions, although the country's treatment of its ethnic minorities, particularly in connection with the Rohingya conflict, continued to be a source of international tension and consternation. Following the 2020 Myanmar general election, in which Aung San Suu Kyi's party won a clear majority in both houses, the Burmese military (Tatmadaw) again seized power in a coup d'état. The coup, which was widely condemned by the international community, led to continuous ongoing widespread protests in Myanmar and has been marked by violent political repression by the military, as well as a larger outbreak of the civil war. The military also arrested Aung San Suu Kyi in order to remove her from public life, and charged her with crimes ranging from corruption to the violation of COVID-19 protocols; all of the charges against her are "politically motivated" according to independent observers.
Myanmar is a member of the East Asia Summit, Non-Aligned Movement, ASEAN, and BIMSTEC, but it is not a member of the Commonwealth of Nations despite once being part of the British Empire. Myanmar is a Dialogue Partner of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. The country is very rich in natural resources, such as jade, gems, oil, natural gas, teak and other minerals, as well as also endowed with renewable energy, having the highest solar power potential compared to other countries of the Great Mekong Subregion. However, Myanmar has long suffered from instability, factional violence, corruption, poor infrastructure, as well as a long history of colonial exploitation with little regard to human development. In 2013, its GDP (nominal) stood at US$56.7 billion and its GDP (PPP) at US$221.5 billion. The income gap in Myanmar is among the widest in the world, as a large proportion of the economy is controlled by cronies of the military junta. Myanmar is one of the least developed countries; as of 2020, according to the Human Development Index, it ranks 147 out of 189 countries in terms of human development, the lowest in Southeast Asia. Since 2021, more than 600,000 people were displaced across Myanmar due to the surge in violence post-coup, with more than 3 million people in dire need of humanitarian assistance. Provided by Wikipedia
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361by Saṃ ma ni, Builʻ### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>
Published 1991[Rangoon] : Pranʻ krāʺ reʺ Vanʻ krī Ṭhāna, Sa taṅʻʺ nhaṅʻʹ Cā nayʻ jaṅʻʺ Lupʻ ṅanʻʺ, 1991.127 p. : ill. ; 23 cm.“...Burma. Sa taṅʻʺ nhaṅʻʹ Cā nayʻ jaṅʻʺ Lupʻ ṅanʻʺ...”
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362Published 1989### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>[Rangoon] : Pranʻ krāʺ reʺ Vanʻ krīʺ Ṭhāna, Sa taṅʻʺ nhaṅʻʹ Cā nayʻ jaṅʻʺ Lupʻ ṅanʻʺ, 1989.2 v. : ill. ; 24 cm.“...Burma. Sa taṅʻʺ nhaṅʻʹ Cā nayʻ jaṅʻʺ Lupʻ ṅanʻʺ...”
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363by Taṅʻʹ Tayʻ, 1917-1980### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>
Published 1991[Rangoon] : Pranʻ krāʺ reʺ Vanʻ krīʺ Ṭhāna, Sa taṅʻʺ nhaṅʻʹ Cā nayʻ jaṅʻʺ Lupʻ ṅanʻʺ, 1991.50 p. ; 24 cm.“...Burma. Sa taṅʻʺ nhaṅʻʹ Cā nayʻ jaṅʻʺ Lupʻ ṅanʻʺ...”
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364by Mra Vaṅʻʺ### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>
Published 1992[Rangoon] : News and Periodicals Enterprise, 1992.78 p. ; 24 cm.“...Burma. Sa taṅʻʺ nhaṅʻʹ Cā nayʻ jaṅʻʺ Lupʻ ṅanʻʺ...”
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365Published 1991### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>Ranʻ kunʻ : Pranʻ krāʺ reʺ Vanʻ krīʺ Ṭhāna, Sa taṅʻʺ nhaṅʻʹ Cā nayʻ jaṅʻʺ Lupʻ ṅanʻʺ, 1991.323 p. : ill. ; 24 cm.“...Burma. Sa taṅʻʺ nhaṅʻʹ Cā nayʻ jaṅʻʺ Lupʻ ṅanʻʺ...”
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366by Lakʻ vai Noʻrathā, 1723 or 4-1791 or 2.### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>
Published 1992[Rangoon] : [Ranʻ kunʻ : Mranʻ mā mhu Bimānʻ Cā pe Bhaṇʻ ; Cinʻ Panʻʺ Mruiṅʻ Cā pe, 1992?]17-24, 17-30, 19-28 p. ; 34 cm.“...Mranʻ mā mhu Bimānʻ Cā pe Bhaṇʻ (Rangoon, Burma)...”
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367Published 1991### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>[Rangoon] : Mranʻ mā mhu Bimānʻ Cā pe Bhaṇʻ, [1991-v. <1-4 > : chiefly ill. ; 26-34 cm.“...Mranʻ mā mhu Bimānʻ Cā pe Bhaṇʻ (Rangoon, Burma)...”
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368by Saṃ ma ni, Builʻ### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>
Published 1991[Rangoon] : Sa taṅʻʺ nhaṅʻʹ Cā nayʻ jaṅʻʺ Lupʻ ṅanʻʺ, 1991.154 p. ; 24 cm.“...Burma. Sa taṅʻʺ nhaṅʻʹ Cā nayʻ jaṅʻʺ Lupʻ ṅanʻʺ...”
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369Published 1990### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>[Rangoon] : Pranʻ krāʺ reʺ Vanʻ krīʺ Ṭhāna, Sa taṅʻʺ nhaṅʻʹ Cā nayʻ jaṅʻʺ Lupʻ ṅanʻʺ, 1990-v. <1-> ; 24 cm.“...Burma. Sa taṅʻʺ nhaṅʻʹ Cā nayʻ jaṅʻʺ Lupʻ ṅanʻʺ...”
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370by Ññoṅʻ Caññʻ Rvhe Kyoṅʻʺ Cha rā toʻ### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>
Published 1988[Rangoon] : [Ranʻ kunʻ : Mranʻ mā mhu Bimānʻ Cā pe Bhaṇʻ ; Cinʻ Panʻʺ Mruiṅʻ Cā pe Tuikʻ, 1988?][11]-21, 14, 16 p. ; 34 cm.“...Mranʻ mā mhu Bimānʻ Cā pe Bhaṇʻ (Rangoon, Burma)...”
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371Published 1993### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>[Rangoon] : Pranʻ krāʺ reʺ Vanʻ krīʺ Ṭhāna, Sa taṅʻʺ nhaṅʻʹ Cā nayʻ jaṅʻʺ Lupʻ ṅanʻʺ, 1993.16, 238 p., [6] p. of plates : ill., maps (some folded) ; 25 cm.“...Burma. Sa taṅʻʺ nhaṅʻʹ Cā nayʻ jaṅʻʺ Lupʻ ṅanʻʺ...”
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372by Rvhe Kaloṅʻ### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>
Published 1992[Rangoon] : Pranʻ krāʺ reʺ Vanʻ krīʺ Ṭhāna, Sa taṅʻʺ nhaṅʻʹ Cā nayʻ jaṅʻʺ Lupʻ ṅanʻʺ, 1992-v. <1 > : ill. ; 23 cm.“...Burma. Sa taṅʻʺ nhaṅʻʹ Cā nayʻ jaṅʻʺ Lupʻ ṅanʻʺ...”
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373Ranʻ kunʻ : Praññʻ thoṅʻ cu Mranʻ mā Nuiṅʻ ṅaṃ toʻ ʼA cuiʺ ra, Cā puṃ Nhipʻ reʺ nhaṅʻʹ Cā reʺ Kiriyā Ṭhāna.v. : ill. ; 33 cm.“...Burma. Rheʺ hoṅʻʺ Sutesana Ññvhanʻ krāʺ reʺ Vanʻ Ruṁʺ...”
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374Published 2008### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>s.l. : Human Rights Documentation Unit, National Coalition Government of the Union of Burma, 2008.180 p. : ill., maps ; 26 cm.“...National Coalition Government of the Union of Burma. Human Rights Documentation Unit...”
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375by Pacʻ tuiṅʻʺ thoṅʻ### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>
Published 1993[Rangoon] : Pranʻ krāʺ reʺ Vanʻ krīʺ Ṭhāna, Sa taṅʻʺ nhaṅʻʹ Cā nayʻ jaṅʻʺ Lupʻ ṅanʻʺ, 1993.199 p. : ill., maps ; 24 cm.“...Burma. Sa taṅʻʺ nhaṅʻʹ Cā nayʻ jaṅʻʺ Lupʻ ṅanʻʺ...”
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376Published 1993### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>[Rangoon] : [Ranʻ kunʻ : Mranʻ mā mhu Bimānʻ Cā pe Bhaṇʻ ; Cinʻ Panʻʺ Mruiṅʻ Cā pe Tuikʻ, 1993?]37 p. ; 34 cm.“...Mranʻ mā mhu Bimānʻ Cā pe Bhaṇʻ (Rangoon, Burma)...”
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377by ʼAtula Cha rā toʻ### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>
Published 1991[Rangoon] : [Ranʻ kunʻ : Mranʻ mā mhu Bimānʻ Cā pe Bhaṇʻ ; Cinʻ Panʻʺ Mruiṅʻ Cā pe Tuikʻ, 1991?]9, 9, 7, 8 p. ; 34 cm.“...Mranʻ mā mhu Bimānʻ Cā pe Bhaṇʻ (Rangoon, Burma)...”
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378Published 1990### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>[Rangoon] : Praññʻ thoṅʻ cu Mranʻ mā Nuiṅʻ ṅaṃ toʻ ʼA cuiʺ ra, Pranʻ krāʺ reʺ Vanʻ krīʺ Ṭhāna, Sa taṅʻʺ nhaṅʻʹ Cā nayʻ jaṅʻʺ Lupʻ ṅanʻʺ, 1990.103 p. : ill. ; 18 cm.“...Burma. Sa taṅʻʺ nhaṅʻʹ Cā nayʻ jaṅʻʺ Lupʻ ṅanʻʺ...”
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379Published 1993### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>[Rangoon] : News and Periodicals Enterprise, Ministry of Information, Union of Myanmar, 1993-v. : ill. ; 58 cm.“...Burma. Sa taṅʻʺ nhaṅʻʹ Cā nayʻ jaṅʻʺ Lupʻ ṅanʻʺ...”
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380Published 1988### CRL customization ### ?> ### Add publisher and desc details ### ?>Ranʻ Kunʻ : U Tan Thve, 1988-v. ; 18-24 cm.“...Burma. Sa taṅʻʺ nhaṅʻʹ Cā nayʻ jaṅʻʺ Lupʻ ṅanʻʺ...”